32 KiB
Process of the Linux kernel building
Introduction
I won't tell you how to build and install a custom Linux kernel on your machine. If you need help with this, you can find many resources that will help you do it. Instead, we will learn what occurs when you type make in the directory of the Linux kernel source code.
When I started to study the source code of the Linux kernel, the makefile was the first file that I opened. And it was scary :). The makefile contained 1591 lines of code when I wrote this and this was the 4.2.0-rc3 release.
This makefile is the the top makefile in the Linux kernel source code and kernel build starts here. Yes, it is big, but moreover, if you've read the source code of the Linux kernel you can noted that all directories with a source code has an own makefile. Of course it is not real to describe how each source files compiled and linked. So, we will see compilation only for the standard case. You will not find here building of the kernel's documentation, cleaning of the kernel source code, tags generation, cross-compilation related stuff and etc. We will start from the make execution with the standard kernel configuration file and will finish with the building of the bzImage.
It would be good if you're already familiar with the make util, but I will anyway try to describe all code that will be in this part.
So let's start.
Preparation before the kernel compilation
There are many things to prepare before the kernel compilation will be started. The main point here is to find and configure
The type of compilation, to parse command line arguments that are passed to the make util and etc. So let's dive into the top Makefile of the Linux kernel.
The Linux kernel top Makefile is responsible for building two major products: vmlinux (the resident kernel image) and the modules (any module files). The Makefile of the Linux kernel starts from the definition of the following variables:
VERSION = 4
PATCHLEVEL = 2
SUBLEVEL = 0
EXTRAVERSION = -rc3
NAME = Hurr durr I'ma sheep
These variables determine the current version of the Linux kernel and are used in the different places, for example in the forming of the KERNELVERSION variable:
KERNELVERSION = $(VERSION)$(if $(PATCHLEVEL),.$(PATCHLEVEL)$(if $(SUBLEVEL),.$(SUBLEVEL)))$(EXTRAVERSION)
After this we can see a couple of the ifeq condition that check some of the parameters passed to make. The Linux kernel makefiles provides a special make help target that prints all available targets and some of the command line arguments that can be passed to make. For example: make V=1 - provides verbose builds. The first ifeq condition checks if the V=n option is passed to make:
ifeq ("$(origin V)", "command line")
KBUILD_VERBOSE = $(V)
endif
ifndef KBUILD_VERBOSE
KBUILD_VERBOSE = 0
endif
ifeq ($(KBUILD_VERBOSE),1)
quiet =
Q =
else
quiet=quiet_
Q = @
endif
export quiet Q KBUILD_VERBOSE
If this option is passed to make we set the KBUILD_VERBOSE variable to the value of the V option. Otherwise we set the KBUILD_VERBOSE variable to zero. After this we check value of the KBUILD_VERBOSE variable and set values of the quiet and Q variables depends on the KBUILD_VERBOSE value. The @ symbols suppress the output of the command and if it will be set before a command we will see something like this: CC scripts/mod/empty.o instead of the Compiling .... scripts/mod/empty.o. In the end we just export all of these variables. The next ifeq statement checks that O=/dir option was passed to the make. This option allows to locate all output files in the given dir:
ifeq ($(KBUILD_SRC),)
ifeq ("$(origin O)", "command line")
KBUILD_OUTPUT := $(O)
endif
ifneq ($(KBUILD_OUTPUT),)
saved-output := $(KBUILD_OUTPUT)
KBUILD_OUTPUT := $(shell mkdir -p $(KBUILD_OUTPUT) && cd $(KBUILD_OUTPUT) \
&& /bin/pwd)
$(if $(KBUILD_OUTPUT),, \
$(error failed to create output directory "$(saved-output)"))
sub-make: FORCE
$(Q)$(MAKE) -C $(KBUILD_OUTPUT) KBUILD_SRC=$(CURDIR) \
-f $(CURDIR)/Makefile $(filter-out _all sub-make,$(MAKECMDGOALS))
skip-makefile := 1
endif # ifneq ($(KBUILD_OUTPUT),)
endif # ifeq ($(KBUILD_SRC),)
We check the KBUILD_SRC that represent top directory of the source code of the linux kernel and if it is empty (it is empty every time while makefile executes first time) and the set the KBUILD_OUTPUT variable to the value that passed with the O option (if this option was passed). In the next step we check this KBUILD_OUTPUT variable and if we set it, we do following things:
- Store value of the
KBUILD_OUTPUTin the tempsaved-outputvariable; - Try to create given output directory;
- Check that directory created, in other way print error;
- If custom output directory created successfully, execute
makeagain with the new directory (see-Coption).
The next ifeq statements checks that C or M options was passed to the make:
ifeq ("$(origin C)", "command line")
KBUILD_CHECKSRC = $(C)
endif
ifndef KBUILD_CHECKSRC
KBUILD_CHECKSRC = 0
endif
ifeq ("$(origin M)", "command line")
KBUILD_EXTMOD := $(M)
endif
The first C option tells to the makefile that need to check all c source code with a tool provided by the $CHECK environment variable, by default it is sparse. The second M option provides build for the external modules (will not see this case in this part). As we set this variables we make a check of the KBUILD_SRC variable and if it is not set we set srctree variable to .:
ifeq ($(KBUILD_SRC),)
srctree := .
endif
objtree := .
src := $(srctree)
obj := $(objtree)
export srctree objtree VPATH
That tells to Makefile that source tree of the Linux kernel will be in the current directory where make command was executed. After this we set objtree and other variables to this directory and export these variables. The next step is the getting value for the SUBARCH variable that will represent what the underlying architecture is:
SUBARCH := $(shell uname -m | sed -e s/i.86/x86/ -e s/x86_64/x86/ \
-e s/sun4u/sparc64/ \
-e s/arm.*/arm/ -e s/sa110/arm/ \
-e s/s390x/s390/ -e s/parisc64/parisc/ \
-e s/ppc.*/powerpc/ -e s/mips.*/mips/ \
-e s/sh[234].*/sh/ -e s/aarch64.*/arm64/ )
As you can see it executes uname utils that prints information about machine, operating system and architecture. As it will get output of the uname util, it will parse it and assign to the SUBARCH variable. As we got SUBARCH, we set the SRCARCH variable that provides directory of the certain architecture and hfr-arch that provides directory for the header files:
ifeq ($(ARCH),i386)
SRCARCH := x86
endif
ifeq ($(ARCH),x86_64)
SRCARCH := x86
endif
hdr-arch := $(SRCARCH)
Note that ARCH is the alias for the SUBARCH. In the next step we set the KCONFIG_CONFIG variable that represents path to the kernel configuration file and if it was not set before, it will be .config by default:
KCONFIG_CONFIG ?= .config
export KCONFIG_CONFIG
and the shell that will be used during kernel compilation:
CONFIG_SHELL := $(shell if [ -x "$$BASH" ]; then echo $$BASH; \
else if [ -x /bin/bash ]; then echo /bin/bash; \
else echo sh; fi ; fi)
The next set of variables related to the compiler that will be used during Linux kernel compilation. We set the host compilers for the c and c++ and flags for it:
HOSTCC = gcc
HOSTCXX = g++
HOSTCFLAGS = -Wall -Wmissing-prototypes -Wstrict-prototypes -O2 -fomit-frame-pointer -std=gnu89
HOSTCXXFLAGS = -O2
Next we will meet the CC variable that represent compiler too, so why do we need in the HOST* variables? The CC is the target compiler that will be used during kernel compilation, but HOSTCC will be used during compilation of the set of the host programs (we will see it soon). After this we can see definition of the KBUILD_MODULES and KBUILD_BUILTIN variables that are used for the determination of the what to compile (kernel, modules or both):
KBUILD_MODULES :=
KBUILD_BUILTIN := 1
ifeq ($(MAKECMDGOALS),modules)
KBUILD_BUILTIN := $(if $(CONFIG_MODVERSIONS),1)
endif
Here we can see definition of these variables and the value of the KBUILD_BUILTIN will depens on the CONFIG_MODVERSIONS kernel configuration parameter if we pass only modules to the make. The next step is including of the:
include scripts/Kbuild.include
kbuild file. The Kbuild or Kernel Build System is the special infrastructure to manage building of the kernel and its modules. The kbuild files has the same syntax that makefiles. The scripts/Kbuild.include file provides some generic definitions for the kbuild system. As we included this kbuild files we can see definition of the variables that are related to the different tools that will be used during kernel and modules compilation (like linker, compilers, utils from the binutils and etc...):
AS = $(CROSS_COMPILE)as
LD = $(CROSS_COMPILE)ld
CC = $(CROSS_COMPILE)gcc
CPP = $(CC) -E
AR = $(CROSS_COMPILE)ar
NM = $(CROSS_COMPILE)nm
STRIP = $(CROSS_COMPILE)strip
OBJCOPY = $(CROSS_COMPILE)objcopy
OBJDUMP = $(CROSS_COMPILE)objdump
AWK = awk
...
...
...
After definition of these variables we define two variables: USERINCLUDE and LINUXINCLUDE. They will contain paths of the directories with headers (public for users in the first case and for kernel in the second case):
USERINCLUDE := \
-I$(srctree)/arch/$(hdr-arch)/include/uapi \
-Iarch/$(hdr-arch)/include/generated/uapi \
-I$(srctree)/include/uapi \
-Iinclude/generated/uapi \
-include $(srctree)/include/linux/kconfig.h
LINUXINCLUDE := \
-I$(srctree)/arch/$(hdr-arch)/include \
...
And the standard flags for the C compiler:
KBUILD_CFLAGS := -Wall -Wundef -Wstrict-prototypes -Wno-trigraphs \
-fno-strict-aliasing -fno-common \
-Werror-implicit-function-declaration \
-Wno-format-security \
-std=gnu89
It is the not last compiler flags, they can be updated by the other makefiles (for example kbuilds from arch/). After all of these, all variables will be exported to be available in the other makefiles. The following two the RCS_FIND_IGNORE and the RCS_TAR_IGNORE variables will contain files that will be ignored in the version control system:
export RCS_FIND_IGNORE := \( -name SCCS -o -name BitKeeper -o -name .svn -o \
-name CVS -o -name .pc -o -name .hg -o -name .git \) \
-prune -o
export RCS_TAR_IGNORE := --exclude SCCS --exclude BitKeeper --exclude .svn \
--exclude CVS --exclude .pc --exclude .hg --exclude .git
That's all. We have finished with the all preparations, next point is the building of vmlinux.
Directly to the kernel build
As we have finished all preparations, next step in the root makefile is related to the kernel build. Before this moment we will not see in the our terminal after the execution of the make command. But now first steps of the compilation are started. In this moment we need to go on the 598 line of the Linux kernel top makefile and we will see vmlinux target there:
all: vmlinux
include arch/$(SRCARCH)/Makefile
Don't worry that we have missed many lines in Makefile that are placed after export RCS_FIND_IGNORE..... and before all: vmlinux...... This part of the makefile is responsible for the make *.config targets and as I wrote in the beginning of this part we will see only building of the kernel in a general way.
The all: target is the default when no target is given on the command line. You can see here that we include architecture specific makefile there (in our case it will be arch/x86/Makefile). From this moment we will continue from this makefile. As we can see all target depends on the vmlinux target that defined a little lower in the top makefile:
vmlinux: scripts/link-vmlinux.sh $(vmlinux-deps) FORCE
The vmlinux is the Linux kernel in a statically linked executable file format. The scripts/link-vmlinux.sh script links and combines different compiled subsystems into vmlinux. The second target is the vmlinux-deps that defined as:
vmlinux-deps := $(KBUILD_LDS) $(KBUILD_VMLINUX_INIT) $(KBUILD_VMLINUX_MAIN)
and consists from the set of the built-in.o from the each top directory of the Linux kernel. Later, when we will go through all directories in the Linux kernel, the Kbuild will compile all the $(obj-y) files. It then calls $(LD) -r to merge these files into one built-in.o file. For this moment we have no vmlinux-deps, so the vmlinux target will not be executed now. For me vmlinux-deps contains following files:
arch/x86/kernel/vmlinux.lds arch/x86/kernel/head_64.o
arch/x86/kernel/head64.o arch/x86/kernel/head.o
init/built-in.o usr/built-in.o
arch/x86/built-in.o kernel/built-in.o
mm/built-in.o fs/built-in.o
ipc/built-in.o security/built-in.o
crypto/built-in.o block/built-in.o
lib/lib.a arch/x86/lib/lib.a
lib/built-in.o arch/x86/lib/built-in.o
drivers/built-in.o sound/built-in.o
firmware/built-in.o arch/x86/pci/built-in.o
arch/x86/power/built-in.o arch/x86/video/built-in.o
net/built-in.o
The next target that can be executed is following:
$(sort $(vmlinux-deps)): $(vmlinux-dirs) ;
$(vmlinux-dirs): prepare scripts
$(Q)$(MAKE) $(build)=$@
As we can see the vmlinux-dirs depends on the two targets: prepare and scripts. The first prepare defined in the top Makefile of the Linux kernel and executes three stages of preparations:
prepare: prepare0
prepare0: archprepare FORCE
$(Q)$(MAKE) $(build)=.
archprepare: archheaders archscripts prepare1 scripts_basic
prepare1: prepare2 $(version_h) include/generated/utsrelease.h \
include/config/auto.conf
$(cmd_crmodverdir)
prepare2: prepare3 outputmakefile asm-generic
The first prepare0 expands to the archprepare that expands to the archheaders and archscripts that defined in the x86_64 specific Makefile. Let's look on it. The x86_64 specific makefile starts from the definition of the variables that are related to the architecture-specific configs (defconfig and etc.). After this it defines flags for the compiling of the 16-bit code, calculating of the BITS variable that can be 32 for i386 or 64 for the x86_64 flags for the assembly source code, flags for the linker and many many more (all definitions you can find in the arch/x86/Makefile). The first target is archheaders in the makefile generates syscall table:
archheaders:
$(Q)$(MAKE) $(build)=arch/x86/entry/syscalls all
And the second target is archscripts in this makefile is:
archscripts: scripts_basic
$(Q)$(MAKE) $(build)=arch/x86/tools relocs
We can see that it depends on the scripts_basic target from the top Makefile. At the first we can see the scripts_basic target that executes make for the scripts/basic makefile:
scripts_basic:
$(Q)$(MAKE) $(build)=scripts/basic
The scripts/basic/Makefile contains targets for compilation of the two host programs: fixdep and bin2:
hostprogs-y := fixdep
hostprogs-$(CONFIG_BUILD_BIN2C) += bin2c
always := $(hostprogs-y)
$(addprefix $(obj)/,$(filter-out fixdep,$(always))): $(obj)/fixdep
First program is fixdep - optimizes list of dependencies generated by the gcc that tells make when to remake a source code file. The second program is bin2c depends on the value of the CONFIG_BUILD_BIN2C kernel configuration option and very little C program that allows to convert a binary on stdin to a C include on stdout. You can note here strange notation: hostprogs-y and etc. This notation is used in the all kbuild files and more about it you can read in the documentation. In our case the hostprogs-y tells to the kbuild that there is one host program named fixdep that will be built from the will be built from fixdep.c that located in the same directory that Makefile. The first output after we will execute make command in our terminal will be result of this kbuild file:
$ make
HOSTCC scripts/basic/fixdep
As script_basic target was executed, the archscripts target will execute make for the arch/x86/tools makefile with the relocs target:
$(Q)$(MAKE) $(build)=arch/x86/tools relocs
The relocs_32.c and the relocs_64.c will be compiled that will contain relocation information and we will see it in the make output:
HOSTCC arch/x86/tools/relocs_32.o
HOSTCC arch/x86/tools/relocs_64.o
HOSTCC arch/x86/tools/relocs_common.o
HOSTLD arch/x86/tools/relocs
There is checking of the version.h after compiling of the relocs.c:
$(version_h): $(srctree)/Makefile FORCE
$(call filechk,version.h)
$(Q)rm -f $(old_version_h)
We can see it in the output:
CHK include/config/kernel.release
and the building of the generic assembly headers with the asm-generic target from the arch/x86/include/generated/asm that generated in the top Makefile of the Linux kernel. After the asm-generic target the archprepare will be done, so the prepare0 target will be executed. As I wrote above:
prepare0: archprepare FORCE
$(Q)$(MAKE) $(build)=.
Note on the build. It defined in the scripts/Kbuild.include and looks like this:
build := -f $(srctree)/scripts/Makefile.build obj
Or in our case it is current source directory - .:
$(Q)$(MAKE) -f $(srctree)/scripts/Makefile.build obj=.
The scripts/Makefile.build tries to find the Kbuild file by the given directory via the obj parameter, include this Kbuild files:
include $(kbuild-file)
and build targets from it. In our case . contains the Kbuild file that generates the kernel/bounds.s and the arch/x86/kernel/asm-offsets.s. After this the prepare target finished to work. The vmlinux-dirs also depends on the second target - scripts that compiles following programs: file2alias, mk_elfconfig, modpost and etc... After scripts/host-programs compilation our vmlinux-dirs target can be executed. First of all let's try to understand what does vmlinux-dirs contain. For my case it contains paths of the following kernel directories:
init usr arch/x86 kernel mm fs ipc security crypto block
drivers sound firmware arch/x86/pci arch/x86/power
arch/x86/video net lib arch/x86/lib
We can find definition of the vmlinux-dirs in the top Makefile of the Linux kernel:
vmlinux-dirs := $(patsubst %/,%,$(filter %/, $(init-y) $(init-m) \
$(core-y) $(core-m) $(drivers-y) $(drivers-m) \
$(net-y) $(net-m) $(libs-y) $(libs-m)))
init-y := init/
drivers-y := drivers/ sound/ firmware/
net-y := net/
libs-y := lib/
...
...
...
Here we remove the / symbol from the each directory with the help of the patsubst and filter functions and put it to the vmlinux-dirs. So we have list of directories in the vmlinux-dirs and the following code:
$(vmlinux-dirs): prepare scripts
$(Q)$(MAKE) $(build)=$@
The $@ represents vmlinux-dirs here that means that it will go recursively over all directories from the vmlinux-dirs and its internal directories (depens on configuration) and will execute make in there. We can see it in the output:
CC init/main.o
CHK include/generated/compile.h
CC init/version.o
CC init/do_mounts.o
...
CC arch/x86/crypto/glue_helper.o
AS arch/x86/crypto/aes-x86_64-asm_64.o
CC arch/x86/crypto/aes_glue.o
...
AS arch/x86/entry/entry_64.o
AS arch/x86/entry/thunk_64.o
CC arch/x86/entry/syscall_64.o
Source code in each directory will be compiled and linked to the built-in.o:
$ find . -name built-in.o
./arch/x86/crypto/built-in.o
./arch/x86/crypto/sha-mb/built-in.o
./arch/x86/net/built-in.o
./init/built-in.o
./usr/built-in.o
...
...
Ok, all buint-in.o(s) built, now we can back to the vmlinux target. As you remember, the vmlinux target is in the top Makefile of the Linux kernel. Before the linking of the vmlinux it builds samples, Documentation and etc., but I will not describe it in this part as I wrote in the beginning of this part.
vmlinux: scripts/link-vmlinux.sh $(vmlinux-deps) FORCE
...
...
+$(call if_changed,link-vmlinux)
As you can see main purpose of it is a call of the scripts/link-vmlinux.sh script is linking of the all built-in.o(s) to the one statically linked executable and creation of the System.map. In the end we will see following output:
LINK vmlinux
LD vmlinux.o
MODPOST vmlinux.o
GEN .version
CHK include/generated/compile.h
UPD include/generated/compile.h
CC init/version.o
LD init/built-in.o
KSYM .tmp_kallsyms1.o
KSYM .tmp_kallsyms2.o
LD vmlinux
SORTEX vmlinux
SYSMAP System.map
and vmlinux and System.map in the root of the Linux kernel source tree:
$ ls vmlinux System.map
System.map vmlinux
That's all, vmlinux is ready. The next step is creation of the bzImage.
Building bzImage
The bzImage is the compressed Linux kernel image. We can get it with the execution of the make bzImage after the vmlinux built. In other way we can just execute make without arguments and will get bzImage anyway because it is default image:
all: bzImage
in the arch/x86/kernel/Makefile. Let's look on this target, it will help us to understand how this image builds. As I already said the bzImage target defined in the arch/x86/kernel/Makefile and looks like this:
bzImage: vmlinux
$(Q)$(MAKE) $(build)=$(boot) $(KBUILD_IMAGE)
$(Q)mkdir -p $(objtree)/arch/$(UTS_MACHINE)/boot
$(Q)ln -fsn ../../x86/boot/bzImage $(objtree)/arch/$(UTS_MACHINE)/boot/$@
We can see here, that first of all called make for the boot directory, in our case it is:
boot := arch/x86/boot
The main goal now to build source code in the arch/x86/boot and arch/x86/boot/compressed directories, build setup.bin and vmlinux.bin, and build the bzImage from they in the end. First target in the arch/x86/boot/Makefile is the $(obj)/setup.elf:
$(obj)/setup.elf: $(src)/setup.ld $(SETUP_OBJS) FORCE
$(call if_changed,ld)
We already have the setup.ld linker script in the arch/x86/boot directory and the SETUP_OBJS expands to the all source files from the boot directory. We can see first output:
AS arch/x86/boot/bioscall.o
CC arch/x86/boot/cmdline.o
AS arch/x86/boot/copy.o
HOSTCC arch/x86/boot/mkcpustr
CPUSTR arch/x86/boot/cpustr.h
CC arch/x86/boot/cpu.o
CC arch/x86/boot/cpuflags.o
CC arch/x86/boot/cpucheck.o
CC arch/x86/boot/early_serial_console.o
CC arch/x86/boot/edd.o
The next source code file is the arch/x86/boot/header.S, but we can't build it now because this target depends on the following two header files:
$(obj)/header.o: $(obj)/voffset.h $(obj)/zoffset.h
The first is voffset.h generated by the sed script that gets two addresses from the vmlinux with the nm util:
#define VO__end 0xffffffff82ab0000
#define VO__text 0xffffffff81000000
They are start and end of the kernel. The second is zoffset.h depens on the vmlinux target from the arch/x86/boot/compressed/Makefile:
$(obj)/zoffset.h: $(obj)/compressed/vmlinux FORCE
$(call if_changed,zoffset)
The $(obj)/compressed/vmlinux target depends on the vmlinux-objs-y that compiles source code files from the arch/x86/boot/compressed directory and generates vmlinux.bin, vmlinux.bin.bz2, and compiles programm - mkpiggy. We can see this in the output:
LDS arch/x86/boot/compressed/vmlinux.lds
AS arch/x86/boot/compressed/head_64.o
CC arch/x86/boot/compressed/misc.o
CC arch/x86/boot/compressed/string.o
CC arch/x86/boot/compressed/cmdline.o
OBJCOPY arch/x86/boot/compressed/vmlinux.bin
BZIP2 arch/x86/boot/compressed/vmlinux.bin.bz2
HOSTCC arch/x86/boot/compressed/mkpiggy
Where the vmlinux.bin is the vmlinux with striped debuging information and comments and the vmlinux.bin.bz2 compressed vmlinux.bin.all + u32 size of vmlinux.bin.all. The vmlinux.bin.all is vmlinux.bin + vmlinux.relocs, where vmlinux.relocs is the vmlinux that was handled by the relocs program (see above). As we got these files, the piggy.S assembly files will be generated with the mkpiggy program and compiled:
MKPIGGY arch/x86/boot/compressed/piggy.S
AS arch/x86/boot/compressed/piggy.o
This assembly files will contain computed offset from a compressed kernel. After this we can see that zoffset generated:
ZOFFSET arch/x86/boot/zoffset.h
As the zoffset.h and the voffset.h are generated, compilation of the source code files from the arch/x86/boot can be continued:
AS arch/x86/boot/header.o
CC arch/x86/boot/main.o
CC arch/x86/boot/mca.o
CC arch/x86/boot/memory.o
CC arch/x86/boot/pm.o
AS arch/x86/boot/pmjump.o
CC arch/x86/boot/printf.o
CC arch/x86/boot/regs.o
CC arch/x86/boot/string.o
CC arch/x86/boot/tty.o
CC arch/x86/boot/video.o
CC arch/x86/boot/video-mode.o
CC arch/x86/boot/video-vga.o
CC arch/x86/boot/video-vesa.o
CC arch/x86/boot/video-bios.o
As all source code files will be compiled, they will be linked to the setup.elf:
LD arch/x86/boot/setup.elf
or:
ld -m elf_x86_64 -T arch/x86/boot/setup.ld arch/x86/boot/a20.o arch/x86/boot/bioscall.o arch/x86/boot/cmdline.o arch/x86/boot/copy.o arch/x86/boot/cpu.o arch/x86/boot/cpuflags.o arch/x86/boot/cpucheck.o arch/x86/boot/early_serial_console.o arch/x86/boot/edd.o arch/x86/boot/header.o arch/x86/boot/main.o arch/x86/boot/mca.o arch/x86/boot/memory.o arch/x86/boot/pm.o arch/x86/boot/pmjump.o arch/x86/boot/printf.o arch/x86/boot/regs.o arch/x86/boot/string.o arch/x86/boot/tty.o arch/x86/boot/video.o arch/x86/boot/video-mode.o arch/x86/boot/version.o arch/x86/boot/video-vga.o arch/x86/boot/video-vesa.o arch/x86/boot/video-bios.o -o arch/x86/boot/setup.elf
The last two things is the creation of the setup.bin that will contain compiled code from the arch/x86/boot/* directory:
objcopy -O binary arch/x86/boot/setup.elf arch/x86/boot/setup.bin
and the creation of the vmlinux.bin from the vmlinux:
objcopy -O binary -R .note -R .comment -S arch/x86/boot/compressed/vmlinux arch/x86/boot/vmlinux.bin
In the end we compile host program: arch/x86/boot/tools/build.c that will create our bzImage from the setup.bin and the vmlinux.bin:
arch/x86/boot/tools/build arch/x86/boot/setup.bin arch/x86/boot/vmlinux.bin arch/x86/boot/zoffset.h arch/x86/boot/bzImage
Actually the bzImage is the concatenated setup.bin and the vmlinux.bin. In the end we will see the output which familiar to all who once build the Linux kernel from source:
Setup is 16268 bytes (padded to 16384 bytes).
System is 4704 kB
CRC 94a88f9a
Kernel: arch/x86/boot/bzImage is ready (#5)
That's all.
Conclusion
It is the end of this part and here we saw all steps from the execution of the make command to the generation of the bzImage. I know, the Linux kernel makefiles and process of the Linux kernel building may seem confusing at first glance, but it is not so hard. Hope this part will help you to understand process of the Linux kernel building.