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1136 lines
45 KiB
1136 lines
45 KiB
[[ch03_bitcoin_client]]
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== Bitcoin Core: The Reference Implementation
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((("open source licenses")))((("Nakamoto, Satoshi")))Bitcoin is an _open
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source_ project and the source code is available under an open (MIT)
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license, free to download and use for any purpose. Open source means
|
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more than simply free to use. It also means that bitcoin is developed by
|
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an open community of volunteers. At first, that community consisted of
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only Satoshi Nakamoto. By 2016, bitcoin's source code had more than 400
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contributors with about a dozen developers working on the code almost
|
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full-time and several dozen more on a part-time basis. Anyone can
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contribute to the code—including you!
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((("bitcoin whitepaper")))((("Satoshi client")))((("reference
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implementation", see="Bitcoin Core")))((("Bitcoin Core", "reference
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implementation")))When bitcoin was created by Satoshi Nakamoto, the
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software was mostly completed before the whitepaper reproduced in
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<<satoshi_whitepaper>> was published. Satoshi wanted to make sure it
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worked before publishing about it. That first implementation, then simply
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known as "Bitcoin", has been heavily modified and
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improved. It has evolved into what is known as _Bitcoin Core_, to
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differentiate it from other implementations. Bitcoin Core is
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the _reference implementation_ of the Bitcoin system, meaning that it is
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provides a reference for how each part of the technology should be
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implemented. Bitcoin Core implements all aspects of bitcoin, including
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wallets, a transaction and block validation engine, and all modern parts
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of Bitcoin peer-to-peer communication.
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[WARNING]
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====
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((("wallets", "best practices for")))((("bitcoin improvement proposals",
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"Mnemonic Code Words (BIP-39)")))((("bitcoin improvement proposals",
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"Hierarchical Deterministic Wallets (BIP-32/BIP-44)")))Even though
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Bitcoin Core includes a reference implementation of a wallet, this is
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not intended to be used as a production wallet for users or for
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applications. Application developers are advised to build wallets using
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modern standards such as BIP-39 and BIP-32 (see <<mnemonic_code_words>>
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and <<hd_wallets>>). BIP stands for _Bitcoin Improvement Proposal_.
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====
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<<bitcoin_core_architecture>> shows the architecture of Bitcoin
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Core.((("Bitcoin Core", "architecture")))
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[[bitcoin_core_architecture]]
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.Bitcoin Core architecture (Source: Eric Lombrozo)
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image::images/mbc2_0301.png["Bitcoin Core Architecture"]
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=== Bitcoin Development Environment
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((("development environment", "setup", see="Bitcoin Core")))If you're a
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developer, you will want to set up a development environment with all
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the tools, libraries, and support software for writing bitcoin
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applications. In this highly technical chapter, we'll walk through that
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process step-by-step. If the material becomes too dense (and you're not
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actually setting up a development environment) feel free to skip to the
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next chapter, which is less technical.
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[[compiling_core]]
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=== Compiling Bitcoin Core from the Source Code
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((("Bitcoin Core", "compiling from source code",
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id="BCsource03")))((("Bitcoin Core", "compiling from source code",
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"downloading")))((("code examples, obtaining and using")))Bitcoin Core's
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source code can be downloaded as a archive or by cloning the
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authoritative source repository from GitHub. ((("Bitcoin Core
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downloads")))On the https://bitcoincore.org/bin/[Bitcoin Core download
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page], select the most recent version and download the compressed
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archive of the source code, e.g., +bitcoin-0.15.0.2.tar.gz+. ((("GitHub
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bitcoin page")))Alternatively, use the git command line to create a
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local copy of the source code from the
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https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin[GitHub bitcoin page].
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[TIP]
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====
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((("$ symbol")))((("shell commands")))((("terminal applications")))In
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many of the examples in this chapter we will be using the operating
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system's command-line interface (also known as a "shell"), accessed via
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a "terminal" application. The shell will display a prompt; you type a
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command; and the shell responds with some text and a new prompt for your
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next command. The prompt may look different on your system, but in the
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following examples it is denoted by a +$+ symbol. In the examples, when
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you see text after a +$+ symbol, don't type the +$+ symbol but type the
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command immediately following it, then press Enter to execute the
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command. In the examples, the lines below each command are the operating
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system's responses to that command. When you see the next +$+ prefix,
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you'll know it's a new command and you should repeat the process.
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====
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((("cloning source code")))((("source code, cloning", seealso="Bitcoin
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Core")))In this example, we are using the +git+ command to create a
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local copy ("clone") of the source code:
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----
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$ git clone https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin.git
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Cloning into 'bitcoin'...
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remote: Enumerating objects: 245912, done.
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remote: Counting objects: 100% (3/3), done.
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remote: Compressing objects: 100% (2/2), done.
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remote: Total 245912 (delta 1), reused 2 (delta 1), pack-reused 245909
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Receiving objects: 100% (245912/245912), 217.74 MiB | 13.05 MiB/s, done.
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Resolving deltas: 100% (175649/175649), done.
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----
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[TIP]
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====
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((("distributed version control systems")))Git is the most widely used
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distributed version control system, an essential part of any software
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developer's toolkit. You may need to install the +git+ command, or a
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graphical user interface for git, on your operating system if you do not
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have it already.
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====
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When the git cloning operation has completed, you will have a complete
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local copy of the source code repository in the directory _bitcoin_.
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Change to this directory by typing ++**cd bitcoin**++ at the prompt:
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----
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$ cd bitcoin
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----
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==== Selecting a Bitcoin Core Release
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((("Bitcoin Core", "compiling from source code", "version
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selection")))By default, the local copy will be synchronized with the
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most recent code, which might be an unstable or beta version of bitcoin.
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Before compiling the code, select a specific version by checking out a
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release _tag_. This will synchronize the local copy with a specific
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snapshot of the code repository identified by a keyword tag. Tags are
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used by the developers to mark specific releases of the code by version
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number. First, to find the available tags, we use the +git tag+ command:
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----
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$ git tag
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v0.1.5
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v0.1.6test1
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v0.10.0
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...
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v0.11.2
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v0.11.2rc1
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v0.12.0rc1
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v0.12.0rc2
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...
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----
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The list of tags shows all the released versions of bitcoin. By
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convention, _release candidates_, which are intended for testing, have
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the suffix "rc." Stable releases that can be run on production systems
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have no suffix. From the preceding list, select the highest version
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release, which at the time of writing was v24.0.1. To synchronize the
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local code with this version, use the +git checkout+ command:
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----
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$ git checkout v24.0.1
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Note: switching to 'v24.0.1'.
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You are in 'detached HEAD' state. You can look around, make experimental
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changes and commit them, and you can discard any commits you make in this
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state without impacting any branches by switching back to a branch.
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HEAD is now at b3f866a8d Merge bitcoin/bitcoin#26647: 24.0.1 final changes
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----
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You can confirm you have the desired version "checked out" by issuing
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the command +git status+:
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----
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HEAD detached at v24.0.1
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nothing to commit, working tree clean
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----
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==== Configuring the Bitcoin Core Build
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((("Bitcoin Core", "compiling from source code", "build
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configuration")))((("documentation")))((("build documentation",
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seealso="Bitcoin Core")))The source code includes documentation, which
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can be found in a number of files. Review the main documentation located
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in _README.md_ in the _bitcoin_ directory by typing ++**more
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README.md**++ at the prompt and using the spacebar to progress to the
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next page. In this chapter, we will build the command-line Bitcoin
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client, also known as +bitcoind+ on Linux. Review the instructions for
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compiling the +bitcoind+ command-line client on your platform by typing
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++**more doc/build-unix.md**++. Alternative instructions for macOS and
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Windows can be found in the _doc_ directory, as _build-osx.md_ or
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_build-windows.md_, respectively.
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Carefully review the build prerequisites, which are in the first part of
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the build documentation. These are libraries that must be present on
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your system before you can begin to compile bitcoin. If these
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prerequisites are missing, the build process will fail with an error. If
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this happens because you missed a prerequisite, you can install it and
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then resume the build process from where you left off. Assuming the
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prerequisites are installed, you start the build process by generating a
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set of build scripts using the _autogen.sh_ script.
|
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|
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----
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$ ./autogen.sh
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libtoolize: putting auxiliary files in AC_CONFIG_AUX_DIR, 'build-aux'.
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libtoolize: copying file 'build-aux/ltmain.sh'
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libtoolize: putting macros in AC_CONFIG_MACRO_DIRS, 'build-aux/m4'.
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...
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configure.ac:58: installing 'build-aux/missing'
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src/Makefile.am: installing 'build-aux/depcomp'
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parallel-tests: installing 'build-aux/test-driver'
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----
|
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The _autogen.sh_ script creates a set of automatic configuration scripts
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that will interrogate your system to discover the correct settings and
|
|
ensure you have all the necessary libraries to compile the code. The
|
|
most important of these is the +configure+ script that offers a number
|
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of different options to customize the build process. Type
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++**./configure --help**++ to see the various options:
|
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|
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----
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$ ./configure --help
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`configure' configures Bitcoin Core 24.0.1 to adapt to many kinds of systems.
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Usage: ./configure [OPTION]... [VAR=VALUE]...
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...
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Optional Features:
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--disable-option-checking ignore unrecognized --enable/--with options
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--disable-FEATURE do not include FEATURE (same as --enable-FEATURE=no)
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--enable-FEATURE[=ARG] include FEATURE [ARG=yes]
|
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--enable-silent-rules less verbose build output (undo: "make V=1")
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--disable-silent-rules verbose build output (undo: "make V=0")
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...
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----
|
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The +configure+ script allows you to enable or disable certain features
|
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of +bitcoind+ through the use of the +--enable-FEATURE+ and
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+--disable-FEATURE+ flags, where pass:[<span
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class="keep-together"><code>FEATURE</code></span>] is replaced by the
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feature name, as listed in the help output. In this chapter, we will
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build the +bitcoind+ client with all the default features. We won't be
|
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using the configuration flags, but you should review them to understand
|
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what optional features are part of the client. If you are in an academic
|
|
setting, computer lab restrictions may require you to install
|
|
applications in your home directory (e.g., using +--prefix=$HOME+).
|
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|
Here are some useful options that override the default behavior of the
|
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configure script:
|
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++++
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<dl>
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<dt><code>--prefix=$HOME</code></dt>
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<dd><p>This overrides the default installation location (which is <em>/usr/local/</em>) for the resulting executable. Use <code>$HOME</code> to put everything in your home directory, or a different path.</p></dd>
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<dt><code>--disable-wallet</code></dt>
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<dd><p>This is used to disable the reference wallet implementation.</p></dd>
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<dt><code>--with-incompatible-bdb</code></dt>
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<dd><p>If you are building a wallet, allow the use of an incompatible version of the Berkeley DB library.</p></dd>
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|
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<dt><code>--with-gui=no</code></dt>
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<dd><p>Don't build the graphical user interface, which requires the Qt library. This builds server and command-line bitcoin only.</p></dd>
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</dl>
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++++
|
|
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Next, run the +configure+ script to automatically discover all the necessary libraries and create a customized build script for your system:
|
|
|
|
----
|
|
$ ./configure
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|
checking for pkg-config... /usr/bin/pkg-config
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|
checking pkg-config is at least version 0.9.0... yes
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|
checking build system type... x86_64-pc-linux-gnu
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|
checking host system type... x86_64-pc-linux-gnu
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|
checking for a BSD-compatible install... /usr/bin/install -c
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|
...
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|
[many pages of configuration tests follow]
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|
...
|
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----
|
|
|
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If all went well, the +configure+ command will end by creating the
|
|
customized build scripts that will allow us to compile +bitcoind+. If
|
|
there are any missing libraries or errors, the +configure+ command will
|
|
terminate with an error instead of creating the build scripts. If an
|
|
error occurs, it is most likely because of a missing or incompatible
|
|
library. Review the build documentation again and make sure you install
|
|
the missing prerequisites. Then run +configure+ again and see if that
|
|
fixes the error.
|
|
|
|
==== Building the Bitcoin Core Executables
|
|
|
|
((("Bitcoin Core", "compiling from source code", "core
|
|
executables")))((("core executables", seealso="Bitcoin Core")))Next, you
|
|
will compile the source code, a process that can take up to an hour to
|
|
complete, depending on the speed of your CPU and available memory.
|
|
During the compilation process you should see output every few seconds
|
|
or every few minutes, or an error if something goes wrong. If an error
|
|
occurs, or the compilation process is interrupted, it can be resumed any
|
|
time by typing +make+ again. Type ++**make**++ to start compiling the
|
|
executable application:
|
|
|
|
----
|
|
$ make
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|
Making all in src
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|
CXX bitcoind-bitcoind.o
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|
CXX libbitcoin_node_a-addrdb.o
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|
CXX libbitcoin_node_a-addrman.o
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|
CXX libbitcoin_node_a-banman.o
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|
CXX libbitcoin_node_a-blockencodings.o
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|
CXX libbitcoin_node_a-blockfilter.o
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|
[... many more compilation messages follow ...]
|
|
----
|
|
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|
On a fast system with more than one CPU, you might want to set the
|
|
number of parallel compile jobs. For instance, +make -j 2+ will use two
|
|
cores if they are available. If all goes well, Bitcoin Core is now
|
|
compiled. You should run the unit test suite with +make check+ to ensure
|
|
the linked libraries are not broken in obvious ways. The final step is
|
|
to install the various executables on your system using the +make
|
|
install+ command. You may be prompted for your user password, because
|
|
this step requires administrative privileges:
|
|
|
|
----
|
|
$ make check && sudo make install
|
|
Password:
|
|
Making install in src
|
|
../build-aux/install-sh -c -d '/usr/local/lib'
|
|
libtool: install: /usr/bin/install -c bitcoind /usr/local/bin/bitcoind
|
|
libtool: install: /usr/bin/install -c bitcoin-cli /usr/local/bin/bitcoin-cli
|
|
libtool: install: /usr/bin/install -c bitcoin-tx /usr/local/bin/bitcoin-tx
|
|
...
|
|
----
|
|
|
|
((("", startref="BCsource03")))The default installation of +bitcoind+
|
|
puts it in _/usr/local/bin_. You can confirm that Bitcoin Core is
|
|
correctly installed by asking the system for the path of the
|
|
executables, as follows:
|
|
|
|
----
|
|
$ which bitcoind
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|
/usr/local/bin/bitcoind
|
|
|
|
$ which bitcoin-cli
|
|
/usr/local/bin/bitcoin-cli
|
|
----
|
|
|
|
=== Running a Bitcoin Core Node
|
|
|
|
((("Bitcoin Core", "running core nodes", id="BCnode03")))((("Bitcoin
|
|
nodes", "running core nodes", id="BNcore03")))Bitcoin's peer-to-peer
|
|
network is composed of network "nodes," run mostly by volunteers and
|
|
some of the businesses that build bitcoin applications. Those running
|
|
Bitcoin nodes have a direct and authoritative view of the Bitcoin
|
|
blockchain, with a local copy of all the transactions, independently
|
|
validated by their own system. By running a node, you don't have to rely
|
|
on any third party to validate a transaction. Moreover, by running a
|
|
Bitcoin node you contribute to the Bitcoin network by making it more
|
|
robust.
|
|
|
|
Running a node, however, requires a permanently connected system with
|
|
enough resources to process all Bitcoin transactions. Depending on
|
|
whether you choose to index all transactions and keep a full copy of the
|
|
blockchain, you may also need a lot of disk space and RAM. As of early
|
|
2018, a full-index node needs 2 GB of RAM and a minimum of 160 GB of
|
|
disk space (see https://blockchain.info/charts/blocks-size[]). Bitcoin
|
|
nodes also transmit and receive bitcoin transactions and blocks,
|
|
consuming internet bandwidth. If your internet connection is limited,
|
|
has a low data cap, or is metered (charged by the gigabit), you should
|
|
probably not run a Bitcoin node on it, or run it in a way that
|
|
constrains its bandwidth (see <<constrained_resources>>).
|
|
|
|
[TIP]
|
|
====
|
|
((("warnings and cautions", "core node resource
|
|
requirements")))((("resource requirements")))Bitcoin Core keeps a full
|
|
copy of the blockchain by default, with every transaction that has ever
|
|
occurred on the Bitcoin network since its inception in 2009. This
|
|
dataset is dozens of gigabytes in size and is downloaded incrementally
|
|
over several days or weeks, depending on the speed of your CPU and
|
|
internet connection. Bitcoin Core will not be able to process
|
|
transactions or update account balances until the full blockchain
|
|
dataset is downloaded. Make sure you have enough disk space, bandwidth,
|
|
and time to complete the initial synchronization. You can configure
|
|
Bitcoin Core to reduce the size of the blockchain by discarding old
|
|
blocks (see <<constrained_resources>>), but it will still download the
|
|
entire dataset before discarding data.
|
|
====
|
|
|
|
Despite these resource requirements, thousands of volunteers run Bitcoin
|
|
nodes. Some are running on systems as simple as a Raspberry Pi (a $35
|
|
USD computer the size of a pack of cards). Many volunteers also run
|
|
Bitcoin nodes on rented servers, usually some variant of Linux. A
|
|
_Virtual Private Server_ (VPS) or _Cloud Computing Server_ instance can
|
|
be used to run a Bitcoin node. Such servers can be rented for $25 to $50
|
|
USD per month from a variety of providers.
|
|
|
|
Why would you want to run a node? Here are some of the most common
|
|
reasons:
|
|
|
|
- If you are developing bitcoin software and need to rely on a Bitcoin
|
|
node for programmable (API) access to the network and blockchain.
|
|
|
|
- If you are building applications that must validate transactions
|
|
according to bitcoin's consensus rules. Typically, bitcoin software
|
|
companies run several nodes.
|
|
|
|
- If you want to support bitcoin. Running a node makes the network more
|
|
robust and able to serve more wallets, more users, and more
|
|
transactions.
|
|
|
|
- If you do not want to rely on any third party to process or validate
|
|
your transactions.
|
|
|
|
If you're reading this book and interested in developing bitcoin software, you should be running your own node.
|
|
|
|
==== Configuring the Bitcoin Core Node
|
|
|
|
((("Bitcoin Core", "running core nodes", "configuring")))((("warnings
|
|
and cautions", "password creation")))((("passwords",
|
|
"creating")))((("security", "passwords")))Bitcoin Core will look for a
|
|
configuration file in its data directory on every start. In this section
|
|
we will examine the various configuration options and set up a
|
|
configuration file. To locate the configuration file, run +bitcoind
|
|
-printtoconsole+ in your terminal and look for the first couple of
|
|
lines.
|
|
|
|
----
|
|
$ bitcoind -printtoconsole
|
|
2023-01-28T03:21:42Z Bitcoin Core version v24.0.1
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|
2023-01-28T03:21:42Z Using the 'x86_shani(1way,2way)' SHA256 implementation
|
|
2023-01-28T03:21:42Z Using RdSeed as an additional entropy source
|
|
2023-01-28T03:21:42Z Using RdRand as an additional entropy source
|
|
2023-01-28T03:21:42Z Default data directory /home/harding/.bitcoin
|
|
2023-01-28T03:21:42Z Using data directory /home/harding/.bitcoin
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|
2023-01-28T03:21:42Z Config file: /home/harding/.bitcoin/bitcoin.conf
|
|
...
|
|
[a lot more debug output]
|
|
...
|
|
----
|
|
|
|
You can hit Ctrl-C to shut down the node once you determine the location
|
|
of the config file. Usually the configuration file is inside the
|
|
_.bitcoin_ data directory under your user's home directory. Open the
|
|
configuration file in your preferred editor.
|
|
|
|
Bitcoin Core offers more than 100 configuration options that modify the
|
|
behavior of the network node, the storage of the blockchain, and many
|
|
other aspects of its operation. To see a listing of these options, run
|
|
+bitcoind --help+:
|
|
|
|
----
|
|
$ bitcoind --help
|
|
Bitcoin Core version v24.0.1
|
|
|
|
Usage: bitcoind [options] Start Bitcoin Core
|
|
|
|
Options:
|
|
|
|
-?
|
|
Print this help message and exit
|
|
|
|
-alertnotify=<cmd>
|
|
Execute command when an alert is raised (%s in cmd is replaced by
|
|
message)
|
|
...
|
|
[many more options]
|
|
----
|
|
|
|
((("configuration options", seealso="Bitcoin Core")))Here are some of
|
|
the most important options that you can set in the configuration file,
|
|
or as command-line parameters to +bitcoind+:
|
|
|
|
alertnotify:: Run a specified command or script to send emergency alerts
|
|
to the owner of this node, usually by email.
|
|
|
|
conf:: An alternative location for the configuration file. This only
|
|
makes sense as a command-line parameter to +bitcoind+, as it can't be
|
|
inside the configuration file it refers to.
|
|
|
|
datadir:: Select the directory and filesystem in which to put all the
|
|
blockchain data. By default this is the _.bitcoin_ subdirectory of your
|
|
home directory. Make sure this filesystem has several gigabytes of free
|
|
space.
|
|
|
|
prune:: Reduce the disk space requirements to this many megabytes, by
|
|
deleting old blocks. Use this on a resource-constrained node that can't
|
|
fit the full blockchain.
|
|
|
|
txindex:: Maintain an index of all transactions. This means a complete
|
|
copy of the blockchain that allows you to programmatically retrieve any
|
|
transaction by ID.
|
|
|
|
dbcache:: The size of the UTXO cache. The default is 300 MiB. Increase
|
|
this on high-end hardware and reduce the size on low-end hardware to
|
|
save memory at the expense of slow disk IO.
|
|
|
|
maxconnections:: Set the maximum number of nodes from which to accept
|
|
connections. Reducing this from the default will reduce your bandwidth
|
|
consumption. Use if you have a data cap or pay by the gigabyte.
|
|
|
|
maxmempool:: Limit the transaction memory pool to this many megabytes.
|
|
Use it to reduce memory use on memory-constrained nodes.
|
|
|
|
maxreceivebuffer/maxsendbuffer:: Limit per-connection memory buffer to
|
|
this many multiples of 1000 bytes. Use on memory-constrained nodes.
|
|
|
|
minrelaytxfee:: Set the minimum fee rate for transaction you will relay.
|
|
Below this value, the transaction is treated nonstandard, rejected from
|
|
the transaction pool and not relayed.
|
|
|
|
[[txindex]]
|
|
.Transaction Database Index and txindex Option
|
|
****
|
|
((("Bitcoin Core", "running core nodes", "database
|
|
options")))((("transactions", "database configuration
|
|
options")))((("txindex option")))((("full indexing option")))By default,
|
|
Bitcoin Core builds a database containing _only_ the transactions
|
|
related to the user's wallet. If you want to be able to access _any_
|
|
transaction with commands like +getrawtransaction+ (see
|
|
<<exploring_and_decoding_transanctions>>), you need to configure Bitcoin
|
|
Core to build a complete transaction index, which can be achieved with
|
|
the +txindex+ option. Set +txindex=1+ in the Bitcoin Core configuration
|
|
file. If you don't set this option at first and later set it to full
|
|
indexing, you need to restart +bitcoind+ with the +-reindex+ option and
|
|
wait for it to rebuild the index.
|
|
****
|
|
|
|
<<full_index_node>> shows how you might combine the preceding options,
|
|
with a fully indexed node, running as an API backend for a bitcoin
|
|
application.
|
|
|
|
[[full_index_node]]
|
|
.Sample configuration of a full-index node
|
|
====
|
|
----
|
|
alertnotify=myemailscript.sh "Alert: %s"
|
|
datadir=/lotsofspace/bitcoin
|
|
txindex=1
|
|
----
|
|
====
|
|
|
|
<<constrained_resources>> shows a resource-constrained node running on a
|
|
smaller server.
|
|
|
|
[[constrained_resources]]
|
|
.Sample configuration of a resource-constrained system
|
|
====
|
|
----
|
|
alertnotify=myemailscript.sh "Alert: %s"
|
|
maxconnections=15
|
|
prune=5000
|
|
dbcache=150
|
|
maxmempool=150
|
|
maxreceivebuffer=2500
|
|
maxsendbuffer=500
|
|
----
|
|
====
|
|
|
|
Once you've edited the configuration file and set the options that best
|
|
represent your needs, you can test +bitcoind+ with this configuration.
|
|
Run Bitcoin Core with the option +printtoconsole+ to run in the
|
|
foreground with output to the console:
|
|
|
|
----
|
|
$ bitcoind -printtoconsole
|
|
2023-01-28T03:43:39Z Bitcoin Core version v24.0.1
|
|
2023-01-28T03:43:39Z Using the 'x86_shani(1way,2way)' SHA256 implementation
|
|
2023-01-28T03:43:39Z Using RdSeed as an additional entropy source
|
|
2023-01-28T03:43:39Z Using RdRand as an additional entropy source
|
|
2023-01-28T03:43:39Z Default data directory /home/harding/.bitcoin
|
|
2023-01-28T03:43:39Z Using data directory /lotsofspace/bitcoin
|
|
2023-01-28T03:43:39Z Config file: /home/harding/.bitcoin/bitcoin.conf
|
|
2023-01-28T03:43:39Z Config file arg: [main] blockfilterindex="1"
|
|
2023-01-28T03:43:39Z Config file arg: [main] maxuploadtarget="1000"
|
|
2023-01-28T03:43:39Z Config file arg: [main] txindex="1"
|
|
2023-01-28T03:43:39Z Setting file arg: wallet = ["msig0"]
|
|
2023-01-28T03:43:39Z Command-line arg: printtoconsole=""
|
|
2023-01-28T03:43:39Z Using at most 125 automatic connections (1024 file descriptors available)
|
|
2023-01-28T03:43:39Z Using 16 MiB out of 16 MiB requested for signature cache, able to store 524288 elements
|
|
2023-01-28T03:43:39Z Using 16 MiB out of 16 MiB requested for script execution cache, able to store 524288 elements
|
|
2023-01-28T03:43:39Z Script verification uses 3 additional threads
|
|
2023-01-28T03:43:39Z scheduler thread start
|
|
2023-01-28T03:43:39Z [http] creating work queue of depth 16
|
|
2023-01-28T03:43:39Z Using random cookie authentication.
|
|
2023-01-28T03:43:39Z Generated RPC authentication cookie /lotsofspace/bitcoin/.cookie
|
|
2023-01-28T03:43:39Z [http] starting 4 worker threads
|
|
2023-01-28T03:43:39Z Using wallet directory /lotsofspace/bitcoin/wallets
|
|
2023-01-28T03:43:39Z init message: Verifying wallet(s)…
|
|
2023-01-28T03:43:39Z Using BerkeleyDB version Berkeley DB 4.8.30: (April 9, 2010)
|
|
2023-01-28T03:43:39Z Using /16 prefix for IP bucketing
|
|
2023-01-28T03:43:39Z init message: Loading P2P addresses…
|
|
2023-01-28T03:43:39Z Loaded 63866 addresses from peers.dat 114ms
|
|
[... more startup messages ...]
|
|
----
|
|
|
|
You can hit Ctrl-C to interrupt the process once you are satisfied that
|
|
it is loading the correct settings and running as you expect.
|
|
|
|
To run Bitcoin Core in the background as a process, start it with the
|
|
+daemon+ option, as +bitcoind -daemon+.
|
|
|
|
To monitor the progress and runtime status of your Bitcoin node, use the
|
|
command +bitcoin-cli getblockchaininfo+:
|
|
|
|
----
|
|
$ bitcoin-cli getblockchaininfo
|
|
----
|
|
|
|
[source,json]
|
|
----
|
|
{
|
|
"chain": "main",
|
|
"blocks": 0,
|
|
"headers": 83999,
|
|
"bestblockhash": "000000000019d6689c085ae165831e934ff763ae46a2a6c172b3f1b60a8ce26f",
|
|
"difficulty": 1,
|
|
"time": 1673379796,
|
|
"mediantime": 1231006505,
|
|
"verificationprogress": 3.783041623201835e-09,
|
|
"initialblockdownload": true,
|
|
"chainwork": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000100010001",
|
|
"size_on_disk": 89087,
|
|
"pruned": false,
|
|
"warnings": ""
|
|
}
|
|
----
|
|
|
|
This shows a node with a blockchain height of 0 blocks and 83999
|
|
headers. The node currently fetches the block headers of the best chain
|
|
and afterward continues to download the full blocks.
|
|
|
|
Once you are happy with the configuration options you have selected, you
|
|
should add bitcoin to the startup scripts in your operating system, so
|
|
that it runs continuously and restarts when the operating system
|
|
restarts. You will find a number of example startup scripts for various
|
|
operating systems in bitcoin's source directory under _contrib/init_ and
|
|
a _README.md_ file showing which system uses which script.((("",
|
|
startref="BCnode03")))((("", startref="BNcore03")))
|
|
|
|
=== Bitcoin Core Application Programming Interface (API)
|
|
|
|
((("Bitcoin Core", "Bitcoin Core API", id="BCapi03")))The Bitcoin Core
|
|
client implements a JSON-RPC interface that can also be accessed using
|
|
the command-line helper +bitcoin-cli+. The command line allows us to
|
|
experiment interactively with the capabilities that are also available
|
|
programmatically via the API. ((("Bitcoin Core", "Bitcoin Core API",
|
|
"RPC commands")))To start, invoke the +help+ command to see a list of
|
|
the available bitcoin RPC commands:
|
|
|
|
[[bitcoind_commands]]
|
|
|
|
----
|
|
$ bitcoin-cli help
|
|
+== Blockchain ==
|
|
getbestblockhash
|
|
getblock "blockhash" ( verbosity )
|
|
getblockchaininfo
|
|
...
|
|
walletpassphrase "passphrase" timeout
|
|
walletpassphrasechange "oldpassphrase" "newpassphrase"
|
|
walletprocesspsbt "psbt" ( sign "sighashtype" bip32derivs finalize )
|
|
----
|
|
|
|
Each of these commands may take a number of parameters. To get
|
|
additional help, a detailed description, and information on the
|
|
parameters, add the command name after +help+. For example, to see help
|
|
on the +getblockhash+ RPC command:
|
|
|
|
----
|
|
$ bitcoin-cli help getblockhash
|
|
getblockhash height
|
|
|
|
Returns hash of block in best-block-chain at height provided.
|
|
|
|
Arguments:
|
|
1. height (numeric, required) The height index
|
|
|
|
Result:
|
|
"hex" (string) The block hash
|
|
|
|
Examples:
|
|
> bitcoin-cli getblockhash 1000
|
|
> curl --user myusername --data-binary '{"jsonrpc": "1.0", "id": "curltest", "method": "getblockhash", "params": [1000]}' -H 'content-type: text/plain;' http://127.0.0.1:8332/
|
|
----
|
|
|
|
At the end of the help information you will see two examples of the RPC
|
|
command, using the +bitcoin-cli+ helper or the HTTP client +curl+. These
|
|
examples demonstrate how you might call the command. Copy the first
|
|
example and see the result:
|
|
|
|
----
|
|
$ bitcoin-cli getblockhash 1000
|
|
00000000c937983704a73af28acdec37b049d214adbda81d7e2a3dd146f6ed09
|
|
----
|
|
|
|
The result is a block hash, which is described in more detail in the
|
|
following chapters. But for now, this command should return the same
|
|
result on your system, demonstrating that your Bitcoin Core node is
|
|
running, is accepting commands, and has information about block 1000 to
|
|
return to you.
|
|
|
|
In the next sections we will demonstrate some very useful RPC commands
|
|
and their expected output.
|
|
|
|
==== Getting Information on the Bitcoin Core Client Status
|
|
|
|
((("Bitcoin Core", "Bitcoin Core API", "status information")))Bitcoin
|
|
Core provides status reports on diffent modules through the JSON-RPC
|
|
interface. The most important commands include +getblockchaininfo+,
|
|
+getmempoolinfo+, +getnetworkinfo+ and +getwalletinfo+.
|
|
|
|
Bitcoin's +getblockchaininfo+ RPC command was introduced earlier. The
|
|
+getnetworkinfo+ command displays basic information about the status of
|
|
the Bitcoin network node. Use +bitcoin-cli+ to run it:
|
|
|
|
----
|
|
$ bitcoin-cli getnetworkinfo
|
|
----
|
|
[source,json]
|
|
----
|
|
{
|
|
"version": 240001,
|
|
"subversion": "/Satoshi:24.0.1/",
|
|
"protocolversion": 70016,
|
|
"localservices": "0000000000000409",
|
|
"localservicesnames": [
|
|
"NETWORK",
|
|
"WITNESS",
|
|
"NETWORK_LIMITED"
|
|
],
|
|
"localrelay": true,
|
|
"timeoffset": -1,
|
|
"networkactive": true,
|
|
"connections": 10,
|
|
"connections_in": 0,
|
|
"connections_out": 10,
|
|
"networks": [
|
|
...
|
|
detailed information about all networks (ipv4, ipv6, onion, i2p, and cjdns)
|
|
...
|
|
],
|
|
"relayfee": 0.00001000,
|
|
"incrementalfee": 0.00001000,
|
|
"localaddresses": [
|
|
],
|
|
"warnings": ""
|
|
}
|
|
----
|
|
|
|
The data is returned in JavaScript Object Notation (JSON), a format that
|
|
can easily be "consumed" by all programming languages but is also quite
|
|
human-readable. Among this data we see the version numbers for the
|
|
bitcoin software client and Bitcoin protocol. We see
|
|
the current number of connections and various information about the
|
|
Bitcoin network and the settings related to this client.
|
|
|
|
[TIP]
|
|
====
|
|
It will take some time, perhaps more than a day, for the +bitcoind+
|
|
client to "catch up" to the current blockchain height as it downloads
|
|
blocks from other Bitcoin clients. You can check its progress using
|
|
+getblockchaininfo+ to see the number of known blocks.
|
|
====
|
|
|
|
[[exploring_and_decoding_transanctions]]
|
|
==== Exploring and Decoding Transactions
|
|
|
|
((("Bitcoin Core", "Bitcoin Core API", "exploring and decoding
|
|
transactions")))((("transactions", "exploring with Bitcoin Core
|
|
API")))Commands: +getrawtransaction+, +decoderawtransaction+
|
|
|
|
In <<cup_of_coffee>>, ((("use cases", "buying coffee",
|
|
id="alicethree")))Alice made a purchase from Bob's store. Her
|
|
transaction was recorded on the blockchain.
|
|
Let's use the API to retrieve and examine that transaction by passing
|
|
the txid as a parameter:
|
|
|
|
++++
|
|
<pre data-type="programlisting">
|
|
$ bitcoin-cli getrawtransaction 466200308696215bbc949d5141a49a4138ecdfdfaa2a8↵
|
|
029c1f9bcecd1f96177
|
|
|
|
01000000000101eb3ae38f27191aa5f3850dc9cad00492b88b72404f9da135698679268041c54↵
|
|
a0100000000ffffffff02204e0000000000002251203b41daba4c9ace578369740f15e5ec880c↵
|
|
28279ee7f51b07dca69c7061e07068f8240100000000001600147752c165ea7be772b2c0acb7f↵
|
|
4d6047ae6f4768e0141cf5efe2d8ef13ed0af21d4f4cb82422d6252d70324f6f4576b727b7d91↵
|
|
8e521c00b51be739df2f899c49dc267c0ad280aca6dab0d2fa2b42a45182fc83e817130100000↵
|
|
000
|
|
</pre>
|
|
++++
|
|
|
|
[TIP]
|
|
====
|
|
((("transaction IDs (txd)")))((("malleability")))A transaction ID is not
|
|
authoritative until a transaction has been confirmed. Absence of a
|
|
transaction hash in the blockchain does not mean the transaction was not
|
|
processed. This is known as "transaction malleability," because
|
|
transaction hashes can be modified prior to confirmation in a block.
|
|
After confirmation, the +txid+ is immutable and authoritative.
|
|
====
|
|
|
|
The command +getrawtransaction+ returns a serialized transaction in
|
|
hexadecimal notation. To decode that, we use the +decoderawtransaction+
|
|
command, passing the hex data as a parameter. You can copy the hex
|
|
returned by +getrawtransaction+ and paste it as a parameter to
|
|
+decoderawtransaction+:
|
|
|
|
++++
|
|
<pre data-type="programlisting">
|
|
$ bitcoin-cli decoderawtransaction 01000000000101eb3ae38f27191aa5f3850dc9cad0↵
|
|
0492b88b72404f9da135698679268041c54a0100000000ffffffff02204e00000000000022512↵
|
|
03b41daba4c9ace578369740f15e5ec880c28279ee7f51b07dca69c7061e07068f82401000000↵
|
|
00001600147752c165ea7be772b2c0acb7f4d6047ae6f4768e0141cf5efe2d8ef13ed0af21d4f↵
|
|
4cb82422d6252d70324f6f4576b727b7d918e521c00b51be739df2f899c49dc267c0ad280aca6↵
|
|
dab0d2fa2b42a45182fc83e817130100000000
|
|
</pre>
|
|
++++
|
|
|
|
++++
|
|
<pre data-type="programlisting" data-code-language="json">
|
|
{
|
|
"txid": "466200308696215bbc949d5141a49a4138ecdfdfaa2a8029c1f9bcecd1f96177",
|
|
"hash": "f7cdbc7cf8b910d35cc69962e791138624e4eae7901010a6da4c02e7d238cdac",
|
|
"version": 1,
|
|
"size": 194,
|
|
"vsize": 143,
|
|
"weight": 569,
|
|
"locktime": 0,
|
|
"vin": [
|
|
{
|
|
"txid": "4ac541802679866935a19d4f40728bb89204d0cac90d85f3a51a19...aeb",
|
|
"vout": 1,
|
|
"scriptSig": {
|
|
"asm": "",
|
|
"hex": ""
|
|
},
|
|
"txinwitness": [
|
|
"cf5efe2d8ef13ed0af21d4f4cb82422d6252d70324f6f4576b727b7d918e5...301"
|
|
],
|
|
"sequence": 4294967295
|
|
}
|
|
],
|
|
"vout": [
|
|
{
|
|
"value": 0.00020000,
|
|
"n": 0,
|
|
"scriptPubKey": {
|
|
"asm": "1 3b41daba4c9ace578369740f15e5ec880c28279ee7f51b07dca...068",
|
|
"desc": "rawtr(3b41daba4c9ace578369740f15e5ec880c28279ee7f51b...6ev",
|
|
"hex": "51203b41daba4c9ace578369740f15e5ec880c28279ee7f51b07d...068",
|
|
"address": "bc1p8dqa4wjvnt890qmfws83te0v3qxzsfu7ul63kp7u56w8q...5qn",
|
|
"type": "witness_v1_taproot"
|
|
}
|
|
},
|
|
{
|
|
"value": 0.00075000,
|
|
"n": 1,
|
|
"scriptPubKey": {
|
|
"asm": "0 7752c165ea7be772b2c0acb7f4d6047ae6f4768e",
|
|
"desc": "addr(bc1qwafvze0200nh9vkq4jmlf4sy0tn0ga5w0zpkpg)#qq404gts",
|
|
"hex": "00147752c165ea7be772b2c0acb7f4d6047ae6f4768e",
|
|
"address": "bc1qwafvze0200nh9vkq4jmlf4sy0tn0ga5w0zpkpg",
|
|
"type": "witness_v0_keyhash"
|
|
}
|
|
}
|
|
]
|
|
}
|
|
</pre>
|
|
++++
|
|
|
|
The transaction decode shows all the components of this transaction,
|
|
including the transaction inputs and outputs. In this case we see that
|
|
the transaction used one input and generated two outputs. The input to
|
|
this transaction was the output from a previously confirmed transaction
|
|
(shown as the vin +txid+). The two outputs correspond to the payment to
|
|
Bob and the change back to Alice.
|
|
|
|
We can further explore the blockchain by examining the previous
|
|
transaction referenced by its +txid+ in this transaction using the same
|
|
commands (e.g., +getrawtransaction+). Jumping from transaction to
|
|
transaction we can follow a chain of transactions back as the coins are
|
|
transmitted from one owner to the next.
|
|
|
|
==== Exploring Blocks
|
|
|
|
((("Bitcoin Core", "Bitcoin Core API", "exploring blocks")))((("blocks",
|
|
"exploring with Bitcoin Core API")))Commands: +getblock+, +getblockhash+
|
|
|
|
((("blocks", "block height")))((("blocks", "block hash")))Exploring
|
|
blocks is similar to exploring transactions. However, blocks can be
|
|
referenced either by the block _height_ or by the block _hash_. First,
|
|
let's find a block by its height.
|
|
We use the +getblockhash+ command, which takes the block height as the
|
|
parameter and returns the block _header hash_ for that block:
|
|
|
|
++++
|
|
<pre data-type="programlisting">
|
|
$ bitcoin-cli getblockhash 123456
|
|
0000000000002917ed80650c6174aac8dfc46f5fe36480aaef682ff6cd83c3ca
|
|
</pre>
|
|
++++
|
|
|
|
Now that we know the _header hash_ for our chosen block, we can
|
|
query that block. We use the +getblock+ command with the block hash as
|
|
the parameter:
|
|
|
|
++++
|
|
<pre data-type="programlisting">
|
|
$ bitcoin-cli getblock 0000000000002917ed80650c6174aac8dfc46f5fe36480aaef682f↵
|
|
f6cd83c3ca
|
|
</pre>
|
|
++++
|
|
|
|
++++
|
|
<pre data-type="programlisting" data-code-language="json">
|
|
{
|
|
"hash": "0000000000002917ed80650c6174aac8dfc46f5fe36480aaef682ff6cd83c3ca",
|
|
"confirmations": 651742,
|
|
"height": 123456,
|
|
"version": 1,
|
|
"versionHex": "00000001",
|
|
"merkleroot": "0e60651a9934e8f0decd1c5fde39309e48fca0cd1c84a21ddfde95033762d86c",
|
|
"time": 1305200806,
|
|
"mediantime": 1305197900,
|
|
"nonce": 2436437219,
|
|
"bits": "1a6a93b3",
|
|
"difficulty": 157416.4018436489,
|
|
"chainwork": "000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000541788211ac227bc",
|
|
"nTx": 13,
|
|
"previousblockhash": "0000000000000b60bc96a44724fd72daf9b92cf8ad00510b5224c6253ac40095",
|
|
"nextblockhash": "000000000000129f5f02be247070bf7334d3753e4ddee502780c2acaecec6d66",
|
|
"strippedsize": 4179,
|
|
"size": 4179,
|
|
"weight": 16716,
|
|
"tx": [
|
|
"5b75086dafeede555fc8f9a810d8b10df57c46f9f176ccc3dd8d2fa20edd685b",
|
|
"e3d0425ab346dd5b76f44c222a4bb5d16640a4247050ef82462ab17e229c83b4",
|
|
"137d247eca8b99dee58e1e9232014183a5c5a9e338001a0109df32794cdcc92e",
|
|
"5fd167f7b8c417e59106ef5acfe181b09d71b8353a61a55a2f01aa266af5412d",
|
|
"60925f1948b71f429d514ead7ae7391e0edf965bf5a60331398dae24c6964774",
|
|
"d4d5fc1529487527e9873256934dfb1e4cdcb39f4c0509577ca19bfad6c5d28f",
|
|
"7b29d65e5018c56a33652085dbb13f2df39a1a9942bfe1f7e78e97919a6bdea2",
|
|
"0b89e120efd0a4674c127a76ff5f7590ca304e6a064fbc51adffbd7ce3a3deef",
|
|
"603f2044da9656084174cfb5812feaf510f862d3addcf70cacce3dc55dab446e",
|
|
"9a4ed892b43a4df916a7a1213b78e83cd83f5695f635d535c94b2b65ffb144d3",
|
|
"dda726e3dad9504dce5098dfab5064ecd4a7650bfe854bb2606da3152b60e427",
|
|
"e46ea8b4d68719b65ead930f07f1f3804cb3701014f8e6d76c4bdbc390893b94",
|
|
"864a102aeedf53dd9b2baab4eeb898c5083fde6141113e0606b664c41fe15e1f"
|
|
]
|
|
}
|
|
</pre>
|
|
++++
|
|
|
|
The +confirmations+ entry tells us the _depth_ of this block--how many
|
|
blocks have been built on top of it, indicating the difficulty of
|
|
changing any of the transactions in this block. The +height+ tells us
|
|
how many blocks preceeded this block. We see the block's version, the
|
|
time it was created (according to its miner), the median time of the 11
|
|
blocks that preceed this block (a time measurement that's harder for
|
|
miners to manipulate), and the size of the block in three different
|
|
measurements (its legacy stripped size, it's full size, and its size in
|
|
weight units). We also see some fields used for security and
|
|
proof-of-work (merkle root, nonce, bits, difficulty, and chainwork);
|
|
we'll examine those in detail in <<mining>>.
|
|
|
|
==== Using Bitcoin Core's Programmatic Interface
|
|
|
|
((("Bitcoin Core", "Bitcoin Core API", "using programmatic
|
|
interface")))((("programmatic interface", id="progint03")))The
|
|
+bitcoin-cli+ helper is very useful for exploring the Bitcoin Core API
|
|
and testing functions. But the whole point of an application programming
|
|
interface is to access functions programmatically. In this section we
|
|
will demonstrate accessing Bitcoin Core from another program.
|
|
|
|
Bitcoin Core's API is a JSON-RPC interface. JSON stands for JavaScript
|
|
Object Notation and it is a very convenient way to present data that
|
|
both humans and programs can easily read. RPC stands for Remote
|
|
Procedure Call, which means that we are calling procedures (functions)
|
|
that are remote (on the Bitcoin Core node) via a network protocol. In
|
|
this case, the network protocol is HTTP, or HTTPS (for encrypted
|
|
connections).
|
|
|
|
When we used the +bitcoin-cli+ command to get help on a command, it
|
|
showed us an example of using +curl+, the versatile command-line HTTP
|
|
client to construct one of these JSON-RPC calls:
|
|
|
|
----
|
|
$ curl --user myusername --data-binary '{"jsonrpc": "1.0", "id":"curltest", "method": "getblockchaininfo", "params": [] }' -H 'content-type: text/plain;' http://127.0.0.1:8332/
|
|
----
|
|
|
|
This command shows that +curl+ submits an HTTP request to the local host
|
|
(127.0.0.1), connecting to the default Bitcoin RPC port (8332), and
|
|
submitting a +jsonrpc+ request for the +getblockchaininfo+ method using
|
|
+text/plain+ encoding.
|
|
|
|
You might notice that curl will ask for credentials to be sent along
|
|
with the request. Bitcoin Core will create a random password on each
|
|
start and place it in the data directory under the name +.cookie+. The
|
|
+bitcoin-cli+ helper can read this password file given the data
|
|
directory. Similarly, you can copy the password and pass it to curl (or
|
|
any higher level Bitcoin Core RPC wrappers). Alternatively, you can
|
|
create a static password with the helper script provided in
|
|
_./share/rpcuser/rpcuser.py_ in Bitcoin Core's source directory.
|
|
|
|
If you're implementing a JSON-RPC call in your own program, you can use
|
|
a generic HTTP library to construct the call, similar to what is shown
|
|
in the preceding +curl+ example.
|
|
|
|
However, there are libraries in most every programming language that
|
|
"wrap" the Bitcoin Core API in a way that makes this a lot simpler. We
|
|
will use the +python-bitcoinlib+ library to simplify API access.
|
|
Remember, this requires you to have a running Bitcoin Core instance,
|
|
which will be used to make JSON-RPC calls.
|
|
|
|
The Python script in <<rpc_example>> makes a simple +getblockchaininfo+
|
|
call and prints the +block+ parameter from the data returned by Bitcoin
|
|
Core.
|
|
|
|
[[rpc_example]]
|
|
.Running getblockchaininfo via Bitcoin Core's JSON-RPC API
|
|
====
|
|
[source,python]
|
|
----
|
|
include::code/rpc_example.py[]
|
|
----
|
|
====
|
|
|
|
Running it gives us the following result:
|
|
|
|
----
|
|
$ python rpc_example.py
|
|
773973
|
|
----
|
|
|
|
It tells us how many blocks our local Bitcoin Core node has in its
|
|
blockchain. Not a spectacular result, but it demonstrates the basic use
|
|
of the library as a simplified interface to Bitcoin Core's JSON-RPC API.
|
|
|
|
Next, let's use the +getrawtransaction+ and +decodetransaction+ calls to
|
|
retrieve the details of Alice's coffee payment. In <<rpc_transaction>>,
|
|
we retrieve Alice's transaction and list the transaction's outputs. For
|
|
each output, we show the recipient address and value. As a reminder,
|
|
Alice's transaction had one output paying Bob and one output for
|
|
change back to Alice.
|
|
|
|
[[rpc_transaction]]
|
|
.Retrieving a transaction and iterating its outputs
|
|
====
|
|
[source,python]
|
|
----
|
|
include::code/rpc_transaction.py[]
|
|
----
|
|
====
|
|
|
|
Running this code, we get:
|
|
|
|
----
|
|
$ python rpc_transaction.py
|
|
bc1p8dqa4wjvnt890qmfws83te0v3qxzsfu7ul63kp7u56w8qc0qwp5qv995qn 0.00020000
|
|
bc1qwafvze0200nh9vkq4jmlf4sy0tn0ga5w0zpkpg 0.00075000
|
|
----
|
|
|
|
Both of the preceding examples are rather simple. You don't really need
|
|
a program to run them; you could just as easily use the +bitcoin-cli+
|
|
helper. The next example, however, requires several hundred RPC calls
|
|
and more clearly demonstrates the use of a programmatic interface.
|
|
|
|
In <<rpc_block>>, we first retrieve block 277316, then retrieve each of
|
|
the 419 transactions within by reference to each transaction ID. Next,
|
|
we iterate through each of the transaction's outputs and add up the
|
|
value.((("", startref="alicethree")))
|
|
|
|
[[rpc_block]]
|
|
.Retrieving a block and adding all the transaction outputs
|
|
====
|
|
[source,python]
|
|
----
|
|
include::code/rpc_block.py[]
|
|
----
|
|
====
|
|
|
|
Running this code, we get:
|
|
|
|
----
|
|
$ python rpc_block.py
|
|
|
|
Total value in block: 10322.07722534
|
|
----
|
|
|
|
Our example code calculates that the total value transacted in this
|
|
block is 10,322.07722534 BTC (including 25 BTC reward and 0.0909 BTC in
|
|
fees). Compare that to the amount reported by a block explorer site by
|
|
searching for the block hash or height. Some block explorers report the
|
|
total value excluding the reward and excluding the fees. See if you can
|
|
spot the difference.((("", startref="BCapi03")))((("",
|
|
startref="progint03")))
|
|
|
|
[[alt_libraries]]
|
|
=== Alternative Clients, Libraries, and Toolkits
|
|
|
|
((("Bitcoin Core", "alternatives to", id="BCalt03")))((("clients,
|
|
libraries, and toolkits", id="clients03")))((("libraries, clients, and
|
|
toolkits", id="librar03")))((("toolkits, libraries, and clients",
|
|
id="toolkit03")))((("third-party API clients", id="thirdpart03")))There
|
|
are many alternative clients, libraries, toolkits, and even full-node
|
|
implementations in the bitcoin ecosystem. These are implemented in a
|
|
variety of programming languages, offering programmers native interfaces
|
|
in their preferred language.
|
|
|
|
The following sections list some of the best libraries, clients, and
|
|
toolkits, organized by programming languages.
|
|
|
|
==== C/C++
|
|
https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin[Bitcoin Core] :: The reference implementation of bitcoin
|
|
https://github.com/libbitcoin/libbitcoin[libbitcoin]:: Cross-platform C++ development toolkit, node, and consensus library
|
|
https://github.com/libbitcoin/libbitcoin-explorer[bitcoin explorer]:: Libbitcoin's command-line tool
|
|
|
|
==== JavaScript
|
|
http://bcoin.io/[bcoin]:: A modular and scalable full-node implementation with API
|
|
https://bitcore.io/[Bitcore] :: Full node, API, and library by Bitpay
|
|
https://github.com/bitcoinjs/bitcoinjs-lib[BitcoinJS] :: A pure JavaScript Bitcoin library for node.js and browsers
|
|
|
|
==== Java
|
|
https://bitcoinj.github.io[bitcoinj]:: A Java full-node client library
|
|
|
|
==== Python
|
|
https://github.com/petertodd/python-bitcoinlib[python-bitcoinlib]:: A Python bitcoin library, consensus library, and node by Peter Todd
|
|
https://github.com/richardkiss/pycoin[pycoin]:: A Python bitcoin library by Richard Kiss
|
|
|
|
==== Go
|
|
https://github.com/btcsuite/btcd[btcd]:: A Go language full-node Bitcoin client
|
|
|
|
==== Rust
|
|
https://github.com/rust-bitcoin/rust-bitcoin[rust-bitcoin]:: Rust bitcoin library for serialization, parsing, and API calls
|
|
|
|
==== C#
|
|
https://github.com/MetacoSA/NBitcoin[NBitcoin]:: Comprehensive bitcoin library for the .NET framework
|
|
|
|
Many more libraries exist in a variety of other programming languages
|
|
and more are created all the time.((("", startref="BCalt03")))((("",
|
|
startref="clients03")))((("", startref="thirdpart03")))((("",
|
|
startref="toolkit03")))((("", startref="librar03")))
|