Added examples regarding property based testing

Development.md

@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ More details can be found in the [API documentation](https://zerobin.dssr.ch/doc
 For unit tests of the php code the folder `tst/` can be used. Apart from helping to implement new features correctly it helps to keep regressions at bay. By default a code coverage report is generated after phpunit is run, the one of the latest release is [publicly](https://codeclimate.com/github/PrivateBin/PrivateBin/coverage) [available](https://www.codacy.com/app/PrivateBin/PrivateBin/files).
 
 In order to run these tests, you will need to install the following packages
-and its dependencies:
+and their dependencies:
 * phpunit
 * php-gd
 * php-sqlite3
@@ -40,17 +40,26 @@ Example for Debian and Ubuntu:
 $ sudo apt install phpunit php-gd php-sqlite php-xdebug
 ```
 
-To run the tests, just change into this directory and run phpunit:
+To run the tests, change into the `tst` directory and run phpunit:
 ```console
 $ cd PrivateBin/tst
 $ phpunit
 ```
 
-Additionally there is the `ConfigurationTestGenerator`. Based on the configurations defined in its constructor, it generates the unit test file `tst/ConfigurationCombinationsTest.php`, containing all possible combinations of these configurations and test for (most) valid combinations. Some of combinations can't be tested with this method, i.e. a valid option combined with an invalid one. Other very specific test cases (i.e. to trigger multiple errors) are covered in `tst/PrivateBinTest.php`. Here is how to generate the configuration test and run it:
+Additionally there is the `ConfigurationTestGenerator`. Based on the
+configurations defined in its constructor, it generates the unit test file
+`tst/ConfigurationCombinationsTest.php`, containing all possible combinations
+of these configurations and tests for (most of the) valid combinations. Some of
+combinations can't be tested with this method, i.e. a valid option combined with
+an invalid one. Other very specific test cases (i.e. to trigger multiple errors)
+are covered in `tst/PrivateBinTest.php`. Here is how to generate the
+configuration test and run it:
 
-    $ cd PrivateBin/tst
+```console
-    $ php ConfigurationTestGenerator.php
+$ cd PrivateBin/tst
-    $ phpunit ConfigurationCombinationsTest.php
+$ php ConfigurationTestGenerator.php
+$ phpunit ConfigurationCombinationsTest.php
+```
 
 Note that it can take an hour or longer to run the several thousand tests.
 
@@ -90,6 +99,48 @@ $ cd PrivateBin/js
 $ istanbul cover _mocha
 ```
 
+#### Property based unit testing
+
+In the JavaScript unit tests we use the JSVerify library to leverage property
+based unit testing. Instead of artificially creating specific test cases to
+cover all relevant paths of the tested code (with the generated coverage reports
+providing means to check the tested paths), property based testing allows us to
+describe the patterns of data that are valid input.
+
+With each run of the tests, for each `jsc.property` 100 random inputs are
+generated and tested. For example we tell the test to generate random strings,
+which will include empty strings, numeric strings, long strings, unicode
+sequences, etc. This is great for finding corner cases that one might not think
+of when explicitly writing one test case at a time.
+
+There is another benefit, too: When an error is found, JSVerify will try to find
+the smallest, still failing test case for you and print this out including the
+associated random number generator (RNG) state, so you can reproduce it easily:
+
+```console
+[...]
+
+  30 passing (3s)
+  1 failing
+
+  1) Helper getCookie returns the requested cookie:
+     Error: Failed after 30 tests and 11 shrinks. rngState: 88caf85079d32e416b; Counterexample: ["{", "9", "9", "YD8%fT"]; [" ", "_|K:"]; 
+
+[...]
+```
+
+Of course it may just be that you need to adjust a test case if the random
+pattern generated is ambiguous. In the above example the cookie string would
+contain two identical keys "9", something that may not be valid, but that our
+code could encounter and needs to be able to handle.
+
+After you adjusted the code of the library or the test you can rerun the test
+with the same RNG state as follows:
+
+```console
+$ istanbul cover _mocha -- test.js --jsverifyRngState 88caf85079d32e416b
+```
+
 ## Data Model
 
 If you want to create your own data models, you might want to know how the arrays, that you have to store, look like: