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Change mm to MM, interrupts to Interrupts

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Dongliang Mu 2018-03-16 16:03:40 -04:00
parent c6b2c783bf
commit f159c63e0c
25 changed files with 89 additions and 89 deletions
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2
Concepts/linux-cpu-1.md
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@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ Where the `percpu_alloc_setup` function sets the `pcpu_chosen_fc` variable depen
enum pcpu_fc pcpu_chosen_fc __initdata = PCPU_FC_AUTO; enum pcpu_fc pcpu_chosen_fc __initdata = PCPU_FC_AUTO;
``` ```
If the `percpu_alloc` parameter is not given to the kernel command line, the `embed` allocator will be used which embeds the first percpu chunk into bootmem with the [memblock](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/mm/linux-mm-1.html). The last allocator is the first chunk `page` allocator which maps the first chunk with `PAGE_SIZE` pages. If the `percpu_alloc` parameter is not given to the kernel command line, the `embed` allocator will be used which embeds the first percpu chunk into bootmem with the [memblock](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/linux-mm-1.html). The last allocator is the first chunk `page` allocator which maps the first chunk with `PAGE_SIZE` pages.
As I wrote above, first of all we make a check of the first chunk allocator type in the `setup_per_cpu_areas`. We check that first chunk allocator is not page: As I wrote above, first of all we make a check of the first chunk allocator type in the `setup_per_cpu_areas`. We check that first chunk allocator is not page:

2
Initialization/linux-initialization-4.md
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@ -383,7 +383,7 @@ This function starts from the reserving memory block for the kernel `_text` and
memblock_reserve(__pa_symbol(_text), (unsigned long)__bss_stop - (unsigned long)_text); memblock_reserve(__pa_symbol(_text), (unsigned long)__bss_stop - (unsigned long)_text);
``` ```
You can read about `memblock` in the [Linux kernel memory management Part 1.](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/mm/linux-mm-1.html). As you can remember `memblock_reserve` function takes two parameters: You can read about `memblock` in the [Linux kernel memory management Part 1.](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/linux-mm-1.html). As you can remember `memblock_reserve` function takes two parameters:
* base physical address of a memory block; * base physical address of a memory block;
* size of a memory block. * size of a memory block.

6
Initialization/linux-initialization-6.md
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@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ After this we can see call of the:
memblock_x86_reserve_range_setup_data(); memblock_x86_reserve_range_setup_data();
``` ```
function. This function is defined in the same [arch/x86/kernel/setup.c](https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/16f73eb02d7e1765ccab3d2018e0bd98eb93d973/arch/x86/kernel/setup.c) source code file and remaps memory for the `setup_data` and reserved memory block for the `setup_data` (more about `setup_data` you can read in the previous [part](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Initialization/linux-initialization-5.html) and about `ioremap` and `memblock` you can read in the [Linux kernel memory management](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/mm/index.html)). function. This function is defined in the same [arch/x86/kernel/setup.c](https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/16f73eb02d7e1765ccab3d2018e0bd98eb93d973/arch/x86/kernel/setup.c) source code file and remaps memory for the `setup_data` and reserved memory block for the `setup_data` (more about `setup_data` you can read in the previous [part](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Initialization/linux-initialization-5.html) and about `ioremap` and `memblock` you can read in the [Linux kernel memory management](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/index.html)).
In the next step we can see following conditional statement: In the next step we can see following conditional statement:
@ -500,7 +500,7 @@ for (; pmd < last_pmd; pmd++, vaddr += PMD_SIZE) {
} }
``` ```
After this we set the limit for the `memblock` allocation with the `memblock_set_current_limit` function (read more about `memblock` you can in the [Linux kernel memory management Part 2](https://github.com/0xAX/linux-insides/blob/master/mm/linux-mm-2.md)), it will be `ISA_END_ADDRESS` or `0x100000` and fill the `memblock` information according to `e820` with the call of the `memblock_x86_fill` function. You can see the result of this function in the kernel initialization time: After this we set the limit for the `memblock` allocation with the `memblock_set_current_limit` function (read more about `memblock` you can in the [Linux kernel memory management Part 2](https://github.com/0xAX/linux-insides/blob/master/MM/linux-mm-2.md)), it will be `ISA_END_ADDRESS` or `0x100000` and fill the `memblock` information according to `e820` with the call of the `memblock_x86_fill` function. You can see the result of this function in the kernel initialization time:
``` ```
MEMBLOCK configuration: MEMBLOCK configuration:
@ -536,7 +536,7 @@ Links
* [Documentation/kernel-parameters.txt](https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/16f73eb02d7e1765ccab3d2018e0bd98eb93d973/Documentation/kernel-parameters.txt) * [Documentation/kernel-parameters.txt](https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/16f73eb02d7e1765ccab3d2018e0bd98eb93d973/Documentation/kernel-parameters.txt)
* [APIC](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Programmable_Interrupt_Controller) * [APIC](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Programmable_Interrupt_Controller)
* [CPU masks](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Concepts/cpumask.html) * [CPU masks](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Concepts/cpumask.html)
* [Linux kernel memory management](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/mm/index.html) * [Linux kernel memory management](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/index.html)
* [PCI](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conventional_PCI) * [PCI](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conventional_PCI)
* [e820](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E820) * [e820](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E820)
* [System Management BIOS](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_Management_BIOS) * [System Management BIOS](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_Management_BIOS)

4
Initialization/linux-initialization-7.md
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@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ Kernel initialization. Part 7.
The End of the architecture-specific initialization, almost... The End of the architecture-specific initialization, almost...
================================================================================ ================================================================================
This is the seventh part of the Linux Kernel initialization process which covers insides of the `setup_arch` function from the [arch/x86/kernel/setup.c](https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/16f73eb02d7e1765ccab3d2018e0bd98eb93d973/arch/x86/kernel/setup.c#L861). As you can know from the previous [parts](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Initialization/index.html), the `setup_arch` function does some architecture-specific (in our case it is [x86_64](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X86-64)) initialization stuff like reserving memory for kernel code/data/bss, early scanning of the [Desktop Management Interface](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desktop_Management_Interface), early dump of the [PCI](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCI) device and many many more. If you have read the previous [part](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Initialization/%20linux-initialization-6.html), you can remember that we've finished it at the `setup_real_mode` function. In the next step, as we set limit of the [memblock](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/mm/linux-mm-1.html) to the all mapped pages, we can see the call of the `setup_log_buf` function from the [kernel/printk/printk.c](https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/16f73eb02d7e1765ccab3d2018e0bd98eb93d973/kernel/printk/printk.c). This is the seventh part of the Linux Kernel initialization process which covers insides of the `setup_arch` function from the [arch/x86/kernel/setup.c](https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/16f73eb02d7e1765ccab3d2018e0bd98eb93d973/arch/x86/kernel/setup.c#L861). As you can know from the previous [parts](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Initialization/index.html), the `setup_arch` function does some architecture-specific (in our case it is [x86_64](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X86-64)) initialization stuff like reserving memory for kernel code/data/bss, early scanning of the [Desktop Management Interface](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desktop_Management_Interface), early dump of the [PCI](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCI) device and many many more. If you have read the previous [part](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Initialization/%20linux-initialization-6.html), you can remember that we've finished it at the `setup_real_mode` function. In the next step, as we set limit of the [memblock](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/linux-mm-1.html) to the all mapped pages, we can see the call of the `setup_log_buf` function from the [kernel/printk/printk.c](https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/16f73eb02d7e1765ccab3d2018e0bd98eb93d973/kernel/printk/printk.c).
The `setup_log_buf` function setups kernel cyclic buffer and its length depends on the `CONFIG_LOG_BUF_SHIFT` configuration option. As we can read from the documentation of the `CONFIG_LOG_BUF_SHIFT` it can be between `12` and `21`. In the insides, buffer defined as array of chars: The `setup_log_buf` function setups kernel cyclic buffer and its length depends on the `CONFIG_LOG_BUF_SHIFT` configuration option. As we can read from the documentation of the `CONFIG_LOG_BUF_SHIFT` it can be between `12` and `21`. In the insides, buffer defined as array of chars:
@ -296,7 +296,7 @@ BUILD_BUG_ON((unsigned long)__fix_to_virt(VSYSCALL_PAGE) !=
(unsigned long)VSYSCALL_ADDR); (unsigned long)VSYSCALL_ADDR);
``` ```
Now `vsyscall` area is in the `fix-mapped` area. That's all about `map_vsyscall`, if you do not know anything about fix-mapped addresses, you can read [Fix-Mapped Addresses and ioremap](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/mm/linux-mm-2.html). We will see more about `vsyscalls` in the `vsyscalls and vdso` part. Now `vsyscall` area is in the `fix-mapped` area. That's all about `map_vsyscall`, if you do not know anything about fix-mapped addresses, you can read [Fix-Mapped Addresses and ioremap](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/linux-mm-2.html). We will see more about `vsyscalls` in the `vsyscalls and vdso` part.
Getting the SMP configuration Getting the SMP configuration
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------

6
Initialization/linux-initialization-8.md
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@ -255,7 +255,7 @@ pgtable_init();
vmalloc_init(); vmalloc_init();
``` ```
The first is `page_ext_init_flatmem` which depends on the `CONFIG_SPARSEMEM` kernel configuration option and initializes extended data per page handling. The `mem_init` releases all `bootmem`, the `kmem_cache_init` initializes kernel cache, the `percpu_init_late` - replaces `percpu` chunks with those allocated by [slub](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SLUB_%28software%29), the `pgtable_init` - initializes the `page->ptl` kernel cache, the `vmalloc_init` - initializes `vmalloc`. Please, **NOTE** that we will not dive into details about all of these functions and concepts, but we will see all of they it in the [Linux kernel memory manager](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/mm/index.html) chapter. The first is `page_ext_init_flatmem` which depends on the `CONFIG_SPARSEMEM` kernel configuration option and initializes extended data per page handling. The `mem_init` releases all `bootmem`, the `kmem_cache_init` initializes kernel cache, the `percpu_init_late` - replaces `percpu` chunks with those allocated by [slub](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SLUB_%28software%29), the `pgtable_init` - initializes the `page->ptl` kernel cache, the `vmalloc_init` - initializes `vmalloc`. Please, **NOTE** that we will not dive into details about all of these functions and concepts, but we will see all of they it in the [Linux kernel memory manager](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/index.html) chapter.
That's all. Now we can look on the `scheduler`. That's all. Now we can look on the `scheduler`.
@ -533,7 +533,7 @@ __init void init_sched_fair_class(void)
} }
``` ```
Here we register a [soft irq](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/interrupts/interrupts-9.html) that will call the `run_rebalance_domains` handler. After the `SCHED_SOFTIRQ` will be triggered, the `run_rebalance` will be called to rebalance a run queue on the current CPU. Here we register a [soft irq](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Interrupts/interrupts-9.html) that will call the `run_rebalance_domains` handler. After the `SCHED_SOFTIRQ` will be triggered, the `run_rebalance` will be called to rebalance a run queue on the current CPU.
The last two steps of the `sched_init` function is to initialization of scheduler statistics and setting `scheeduler_running` variable: The last two steps of the `sched_init` function is to initialization of scheduler statistics and setting `scheeduler_running` variable:
@ -559,7 +559,7 @@ Links
* [high-resolution kernel timer](https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/timers/hrtimers.txt) * [high-resolution kernel timer](https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/timers/hrtimers.txt)
* [spinlock](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinlock) * [spinlock](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinlock)
* [Run queue](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Run_queue) * [Run queue](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Run_queue)
* [Linux kernel memory manager](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/mm/index.html) * [Linux kernel memory manager](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/index.html)
* [slub](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SLUB_%28software%29) * [slub](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SLUB_%28software%29)
* [virtual file system](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_file_system) * [virtual file system](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_file_system)
* [Linux kernel hotplug documentation](https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/cpu-hotplug.txt) * [Linux kernel hotplug documentation](https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/cpu-hotplug.txt)

6
Initialization/linux-initialization-9.md
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@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ void __init idr_init_cache(void)
} }
``` ```
Here we can see the call of the `kmem_cache_create`. We already called the `kmem_cache_init` in the [init/main.c](https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/16f73eb02d7e1765ccab3d2018e0bd98eb93d973/init/main.c#L485). This function create generalized caches again using the `kmem_cache_alloc` (more about caches we will see in the [Linux kernel memory management](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/mm/index.html) chapter). In our case, as we are using `kmem_cache_t` which will be used by the [slab](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slab_allocation) allocator and `kmem_cache_create` creates it. As you can see we pass five parameters to the `kmem_cache_create`: Here we can see the call of the `kmem_cache_create`. We already called the `kmem_cache_init` in the [init/main.c](https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/16f73eb02d7e1765ccab3d2018e0bd98eb93d973/init/main.c#L485). This function create generalized caches again using the `kmem_cache_alloc` (more about caches we will see in the [Linux kernel memory management](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/index.html) chapter). In our case, as we are using `kmem_cache_t` which will be used by the [slab](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slab_allocation) allocator and `kmem_cache_create` creates it. As you can see we pass five parameters to the `kmem_cache_create`:
* name of the cache; * name of the cache;
* size of the object to store in cache; * size of the object to store in cache;
@ -394,7 +394,7 @@ The next couple of functions are related with the [perf](https://perf.wiki.kerne
local_irq_enable(); local_irq_enable();
``` ```
which expands to the `sti` instruction and making post initialization of the [SLAB](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slab_allocation) with the call of the `kmem_cache_init_late` function (As I wrote above we will know about the `SLAB` in the [Linux memory management](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/mm/index.html) chapter). which expands to the `sti` instruction and making post initialization of the [SLAB](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slab_allocation) with the call of the `kmem_cache_init_late` function (As I wrote above we will know about the `SLAB` in the [Linux memory management](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/index.html) chapter).
After the post initialization of the `SLAB`, next point is initialization of the console with the `console_init` function from the [drivers/tty/tty_io.c](https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/16f73eb02d7e1765ccab3d2018e0bd98eb93d973/drivers/tty/tty_io.c). After the post initialization of the `SLAB`, next point is initialization of the console with the `console_init` function from the [drivers/tty/tty_io.c](https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/16f73eb02d7e1765ccab3d2018e0bd98eb93d973/drivers/tty/tty_io.c).
@ -424,7 +424,7 @@ Links
* [Documentation/memory-barriers.txt](https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/memory-barriers.txt) * [Documentation/memory-barriers.txt](https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/memory-barriers.txt)
* [Runtime locking correctness validator](https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/locking/lockdep-design.txt) * [Runtime locking correctness validator](https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/locking/lockdep-design.txt)
* [Per-CPU variables](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Concepts/per-cpu.html) * [Per-CPU variables](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Concepts/per-cpu.html)
* [Linux kernel memory management](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/mm/index.html) * [Linux kernel memory management](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/index.html)
* [slab](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slab_allocation) * [slab](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slab_allocation)
* [i2c](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C2%B2C) * [i2c](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C2%B2C)
* [Previous part](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Initialization/linux-initialization-8.html) * [Previous part](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Initialization/linux-initialization-8.html)

0
interrupts/README.md → Interrupts/README.md
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0
interrupts/linux-interrupts-1.md → Interrupts/linux-interrupts-1.md
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12
interrupts/linux-interrupts-10.md → Interrupts/linux-interrupts-10.md
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@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ Interrupts and Interrupt Handling. Part 10.
Last part Last part
------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
This is the tenth part of the [chapter](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/interrupts/index.html) about interrupts and interrupt handling in the Linux kernel and in the previous [part](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/interrupts/interrupts-9.html) we saw a little about deferred interrupts and related concepts like `softirq`, `tasklet` and `workqeue`. In this part we will continue to dive into this theme and now it's time to look at real hardware driver. This is the tenth part of the [chapter](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Interrupts/index.html) about interrupts and interrupt handling in the Linux kernel and in the previous [part](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Interrupts/interrupts-9.html) we saw a little about deferred interrupts and related concepts like `softirq`, `tasklet` and `workqeue`. In this part we will continue to dive into this theme and now it's time to look at real hardware driver.
Let's consider serial driver of the [StrongARM** SA-110/21285 Evaluation Board](http://netwinder.osuosl.org/pub/netwinder/docs/intel/datashts/27813501.pdf) board for example and will look how this driver requests an [IRQ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interrupt_request_%28PC_architecture%29) line, Let's consider serial driver of the [StrongARM** SA-110/21285 Evaluation Board](http://netwinder.osuosl.org/pub/netwinder/docs/intel/datashts/27813501.pdf) board for example and will look how this driver requests an [IRQ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interrupt_request_%28PC_architecture%29) line,
what happens when an interrupt is triggered and etc. The source code of this driver is placed in the [drivers/tty/serial/21285.c](https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/16f73eb02d7e1765ccab3d2018e0bd98eb93d973/drivers/tty/serial/21285.c) source code file. Ok, we have source code, let's start. what happens when an interrupt is triggered and etc. The source code of this driver is placed in the [drivers/tty/serial/21285.c](https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/16f73eb02d7e1765ccab3d2018e0bd98eb93d973/drivers/tty/serial/21285.c) source code file. Ok, we have source code, let's start.
@ -261,7 +261,7 @@ if (!action)
return -ENOMEM; return -ENOMEM;
``` ```
More about `kzalloc` will be in the separate chapter about [memory management](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/mm/index.html) in the Linux kernel. As we allocated space for the `irqaction`, we start to initialize this structure with the values of interrupt handler, interrupt flags, device name, etc: More about `kzalloc` will be in the separate chapter about [memory management](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/index.html) in the Linux kernel. As we allocated space for the `irqaction`, we start to initialize this structure with the values of interrupt handler, interrupt flags, device name, etc:
```C ```C
action->handler = handler; action->handler = handler;
@ -301,7 +301,7 @@ And fill the rest of the given interrupt descriptor fields in the end. So, our `
Prepare to handle an interrupt Prepare to handle an interrupt
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
In the previous paragraph we saw the requesting of the irq line for the given interrupt descriptor and registration of the `irqaction` structure for the given interrupt. We already know that when an interrupt event occurs, an interrupt controller notifies the processor about this event and processor tries to find appropriate interrupt gate for this interrupt. If you have read the eighth [part](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/interrupts/interrupts-8.html) of this chapter, you may remember the `native_init_IRQ` function. This function makes initialization of the local [APIC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Programmable_Interrupt_Controller). The following part of this function is the most interesting part for us right now: In the previous paragraph we saw the requesting of the irq line for the given interrupt descriptor and registration of the `irqaction` structure for the given interrupt. We already know that when an interrupt event occurs, an interrupt controller notifies the processor about this event and processor tries to find appropriate interrupt gate for this interrupt. If you have read the eighth [part](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Interrupts/interrupts-8.html) of this chapter, you may remember the `native_init_IRQ` function. This function makes initialization of the local [APIC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Programmable_Interrupt_Controller). The following part of this function is the most interesting part for us right now:
```C ```C
for_each_clear_bit_from(i, used_vectors, first_system_vector) { for_each_clear_bit_from(i, used_vectors, first_system_vector) {
@ -448,7 +448,7 @@ That's all.
Conclusion Conclusion
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
It is the end of the tenth part of the [Interrupts and Interrupt Handling](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/interrupts/index.html) chapter and as you have read in the beginning of this part - it is the last part of this chapter. This chapter started from the explanation of the theory of interrupts and we have learned what is it interrupt and kinds of interrupts, then we saw exceptions and handling of this kind of interrupts, deferred interrupts and finally we looked on the hardware interrupts and the handling of theirs in this part. Of course, this part and even this chapter does not cover full aspects of interrupts and interrupt handling in the Linux kernel. It is not realistic to do this. At least for me. It was the big part, I don't know how about you, but it was really big for me. This theme is much bigger than this chapter and I am not sure that somewhere there is a book that covers it. We have missed many part and aspects of interrupts and interrupt handling, but I think it will be good point to dive in the kernel code related to the interrupts and interrupts handling. It is the end of the tenth part of the [Interrupts and Interrupt Handling](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Interrupts/index.html) chapter and as you have read in the beginning of this part - it is the last part of this chapter. This chapter started from the explanation of the theory of interrupts and we have learned what is it interrupt and kinds of interrupts, then we saw exceptions and handling of this kind of interrupts, deferred interrupts and finally we looked on the hardware interrupts and the handling of theirs in this part. Of course, this part and even this chapter does not cover full aspects of interrupts and interrupt handling in the Linux kernel. It is not realistic to do this. At least for me. It was the big part, I don't know how about you, but it was really big for me. This theme is much bigger than this chapter and I am not sure that somewhere there is a book that covers it. We have missed many part and aspects of interrupts and interrupt handling, but I think it will be good point to dive in the kernel code related to the interrupts and interrupts handling.
If you have any questions or suggestions write me a comment or ping me at [twitter](https://twitter.com/0xAX). If you have any questions or suggestions write me a comment or ping me at [twitter](https://twitter.com/0xAX).
@ -464,7 +464,7 @@ Links
* [initcall](http://kernelnewbies.org/Documents/InitcallMechanism) * [initcall](http://kernelnewbies.org/Documents/InitcallMechanism)
* [uart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_asynchronous_receiver/transmitter) * [uart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_asynchronous_receiver/transmitter)
* [ISA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industry_Standard_Architecture) * [ISA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industry_Standard_Architecture)
* [memory management](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/mm/index.html) * [memory management](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/index.html)
* [i2c](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C2%B2C) * [i2c](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C2%B2C)
* [APIC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Programmable_Interrupt_Controller) * [APIC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Programmable_Interrupt_Controller)
* [GNU assembler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Assembler) * [GNU assembler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Assembler)
@ -473,4 +473,4 @@ Links
* [pid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process_identifier) * [pid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process_identifier)
* [device tree](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Device_tree) * [device tree](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Device_tree)
* [system calls](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_call) * [system calls](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_call)
* [Previous part](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/interrupts/interrupts-9.html) * [Previous part](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Interrupts/interrupts-9.html)

10
interrupts/linux-interrupts-2.md → Interrupts/linux-interrupts-2.md
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@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ Interrupts and Interrupt Handling. Part 2.
Start to dive into interrupt and exceptions handling in the Linux kernel Start to dive into interrupt and exceptions handling in the Linux kernel
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
We saw some theory about interrupts and exception handling in the previous [part](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/interrupts/interrupts-1.html) and as I already wrote in that part, we will start to dive into interrupts and exceptions in the Linux kernel source code in this part. As you already can note, the previous part mostly described theoretical aspects and in this part we will start to dive directly into the Linux kernel source code. We will start to do it as we did it in other chapters, from the very early places. We will not see the Linux kernel source code from the earliest [code lines](https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/16f73eb02d7e1765ccab3d2018e0bd98eb93d973/arch/x86/boot/header.S#L292) as we saw it for example in the [Linux kernel booting process](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Booting/index.html) chapter, but we will start from the earliest code which is related to the interrupts and exceptions. In this part we will try to go through the all interrupts and exceptions related stuff which we can find in the Linux kernel source code. We saw some theory about interrupts and exception handling in the previous [part](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Interrupts/interrupts-1.html) and as I already wrote in that part, we will start to dive into interrupts and exceptions in the Linux kernel source code in this part. As you already can note, the previous part mostly described theoretical aspects and in this part we will start to dive directly into the Linux kernel source code. We will start to do it as we did it in other chapters, from the very early places. We will not see the Linux kernel source code from the earliest [code lines](https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/16f73eb02d7e1765ccab3d2018e0bd98eb93d973/arch/x86/boot/header.S#L292) as we saw it for example in the [Linux kernel booting process](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Booting/index.html) chapter, but we will start from the earliest code which is related to the interrupts and exceptions. In this part we will try to go through the all interrupts and exceptions related stuff which we can find in the Linux kernel source code.
If you've read the previous parts, you can remember that the earliest place in the Linux kernel `x86_64` architecture-specific source code which is related to the interrupt is located in the [arch/x86/boot/pm.c](https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/16f73eb02d7e1765ccab3d2018e0bd98eb93d973/arch/x86/boot/pm.c) source code file and represents the first setup of the [Interrupt Descriptor Table](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interrupt_descriptor_table). It occurs right before the transition into the [protected mode](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protected_mode) in the `go_to_protected_mode` function by the call of the `setup_idt`: If you've read the previous parts, you can remember that the earliest place in the Linux kernel `x86_64` architecture-specific source code which is related to the interrupt is located in the [arch/x86/boot/pm.c](https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/16f73eb02d7e1765ccab3d2018e0bd98eb93d973/arch/x86/boot/pm.c) source code file and represents the first setup of the [Interrupt Descriptor Table](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interrupt_descriptor_table). It occurs right before the transition into the [protected mode](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protected_mode) in the `go_to_protected_mode` function by the call of the `setup_idt`:
@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ movl initial_gs+4(%rip),%edx
wrmsr wrmsr
``` ```
We already saw this code in the previous [part](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/interrupts/interrupts-1.html). First of all pay attention on the last `wrmsr` instruction. This instruction writes data from the `edx:eax` registers to the [model specific register](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model-specific_register) specified by the `ecx` register. We can see that `ecx` contains `$MSR_GS_BASE` which is declared in the [arch/x86/include/uapi/asm/msr-index.h](https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/16f73eb02d7e1765ccab3d2018e0bd98eb93d973/arch/x86/include/uapi/asm/msr-index.h) and looks like: We already saw this code in the previous [part](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Interrupts/interrupts-1.html). First of all pay attention on the last `wrmsr` instruction. This instruction writes data from the `edx:eax` registers to the [model specific register](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model-specific_register) specified by the `ecx` register. We can see that `ecx` contains `$MSR_GS_BASE` which is declared in the [arch/x86/include/uapi/asm/msr-index.h](https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/16f73eb02d7e1765ccab3d2018e0bd98eb93d973/arch/x86/include/uapi/asm/msr-index.h) and looks like:
```C ```C
#define MSR_GS_BASE 0xc0000101 #define MSR_GS_BASE 0xc0000101
@ -253,7 +253,7 @@ If the `CONFIG_CC_STACKPROTECTOR` kernel configuration option is set, the `boot_
#endif #endif
``` ```
As we can read in the previous [part](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/interrupts/interrupts-1.html) the `irq_stack_union` represented by the following union: As we can read in the previous [part](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Interrupts/interrupts-1.html) the `irq_stack_union` represented by the following union:
```C ```C
union irq_stack_union { union irq_stack_union {
@ -432,7 +432,7 @@ static inline void set_intr_gate_ist(int n, void *addr, unsigned ist)
} }
``` ```
First of all we can see the check that `n` which is [vector number](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interrupt_vector_table) of the interrupt is not greater than `0xff` or 255. We need to check it because we remember from the previous [part](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/interrupts/interrupts-1.html) that vector number of an interrupt must be between `0` and `255`. In the next step we can see the call of the `_set_gate` function that sets a given interrupt gate to the `IDT` table: First of all we can see the check that `n` which is [vector number](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interrupt_vector_table) of the interrupt is not greater than `0xff` or 255. We need to check it because we remember from the previous [part](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Interrupts/interrupts-1.html) that vector number of an interrupt must be between `0` and `255`. In the next step we can see the call of the `_set_gate` function that sets a given interrupt gate to the `IDT` table:
```C ```C
static inline void _set_gate(int gate, unsigned type, void *addr, static inline void _set_gate(int gate, unsigned type, void *addr,
@ -544,4 +544,4 @@ Links
* [vector number](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interrupt_vector_table) * [vector number](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interrupt_vector_table)
* [Interrupt Stack Table](https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/x86/x86_64/kernel-stacks) * [Interrupt Stack Table](https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/x86/x86_64/kernel-stacks)
* [Privilege level](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privilege_level) * [Privilege level](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privilege_level)
* [Previous part](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/interrupts/interrupts-1.html) * [Previous part](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Interrupts/interrupts-1.html)

4
interrupts/linux-interrupts-3.md → Interrupts/linux-interrupts-3.md
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@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ Interrupts and Interrupt Handling. Part 3.
Exception Handling Exception Handling
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
This is the third part of the [chapter](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/interrupts/index.html) about an interrupts and an exceptions handling in the Linux kernel and in the previous [part](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/interrupts/index.html) we stopped at the `setup_arch` function from the [arch/x86/kernel/setup.c](https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blame/master/arch/x86/kernel/setup.c) source code file. This is the third part of the [chapter](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Interrupts/index.html) about an interrupts and an exceptions handling in the Linux kernel and in the previous [part](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Interrupts/index.html) we stopped at the `setup_arch` function from the [arch/x86/kernel/setup.c](https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blame/master/arch/x86/kernel/setup.c) source code file.
We already know that this function executes initialization of architecture-specific stuff. In our case the `setup_arch` function does [x86_64](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X86-64) architecture related initializations. The `setup_arch` is big function, and in the previous part we stopped on the setting of the two exceptions handlers for the two following exceptions: We already know that this function executes initialization of architecture-specific stuff. In our case the `setup_arch` function does [x86_64](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X86-64) architecture related initializations. The `setup_arch` is big function, and in the previous part we stopped on the setting of the two exceptions handlers for the two following exceptions:
@ -519,4 +519,4 @@ Links
* [Per-CPU variables](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Concepts/per-cpu.html) * [Per-CPU variables](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Concepts/per-cpu.html)
* [kgdb](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KGDB) * [kgdb](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KGDB)
* [ACPI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Configuration_and_Power_Interface) * [ACPI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Configuration_and_Power_Interface)
* [Previous part](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/interrupts/index.html) * [Previous part](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Interrupts/index.html)

24
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@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ Interrupts and Interrupt Handling. Part 4.
Initialization of non-early interrupt gates Initialization of non-early interrupt gates
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
This is fourth part about an interrupts and exceptions handling in the Linux kernel and in the previous [part](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/interrupts/interrupts-3.html) we saw first early `#DB` and `#BP` exceptions handlers from the [arch/x86/kernel/traps.c](https://github.com/torvalds/linux/tree/master/arch/x86/kernel/traps.c). We stopped on the right after the `early_trap_init` function that called in the `setup_arch` function which defined in the [arch/x86/kernel/setup.c](https://github.com/torvalds/linux/tree/master/arch/x86/kernel/setup.c). In this part we will continue to dive into an interrupts and exceptions handling in the Linux kernel for `x86_64` and continue to do it from the place where we left off in the last part. First thing which is related to the interrupts and exceptions handling is the setup of the `#PF` or [page fault](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Page_fault) handler with the `early_trap_pf_init` function. Let's start from it. This is fourth part about an interrupts and exceptions handling in the Linux kernel and in the previous [part](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Interrupts/interrupts-3.html) we saw first early `#DB` and `#BP` exceptions handlers from the [arch/x86/kernel/traps.c](https://github.com/torvalds/linux/tree/master/arch/x86/kernel/traps.c). We stopped on the right after the `early_trap_init` function that called in the `setup_arch` function which defined in the [arch/x86/kernel/setup.c](https://github.com/torvalds/linux/tree/master/arch/x86/kernel/setup.c). In this part we will continue to dive into an interrupts and exceptions handling in the Linux kernel for `x86_64` and continue to do it from the place where we left off in the last part. First thing which is related to the interrupts and exceptions handling is the setup of the `#PF` or [page fault](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Page_fault) handler with the `early_trap_pf_init` function. Let's start from it.
Early page fault handler Early page fault handler
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ void __init early_trap_pf_init(void)
} }
``` ```
This macro defined in the [arch/x86/include/asm/desc.h](https://github.com/torvalds/linux/tree/master/arch/x86/include/asm/desc.h). We already saw macros like this in the previous [part](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/interrupts/interrupts-3.html) - `set_system_intr_gate` and `set_intr_gate_ist`. This macro checks that given vector number is not greater than `255` (maximum vector number) and calls `_set_gate` function as `set_system_intr_gate` and `set_intr_gate_ist` did it: This macro defined in the [arch/x86/include/asm/desc.h](https://github.com/torvalds/linux/tree/master/arch/x86/include/asm/desc.h). We already saw macros like this in the previous [part](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Interrupts/interrupts-3.html) - `set_system_intr_gate` and `set_intr_gate_ist`. This macro checks that given vector number is not greater than `255` (maximum vector number) and calls `_set_gate` function as `set_system_intr_gate` and `set_intr_gate_ist` did it:
```C ```C
#define set_intr_gate(n, addr) \ #define set_intr_gate(n, addr) \
@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ When the `early_trap_pf_init` will be called, the `set_intr_gate` will be expand
trace_idtentry page_fault do_page_fault has_error_code=1 trace_idtentry page_fault do_page_fault has_error_code=1
``` ```
We saw in the previous [part](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/interrupts/interrupts-3.html) how `#DB` and `#BP` handlers defined. They were defined with the `idtentry` macro, but here we can see `trace_idtentry`. This macro defined in the same source code file and depends on the `CONFIG_TRACING` kernel configuration option: We saw in the previous [part](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Interrupts/interrupts-3.html) how `#DB` and `#BP` handlers defined. They were defined with the `idtentry` macro, but here we can see `trace_idtentry`. This macro defined in the same source code file and depends on the `CONFIG_TRACING` kernel configuration option:
```assembly ```assembly
#ifdef CONFIG_TRACING #ifdef CONFIG_TRACING
@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ idtentry \sym \do_sym has_error_code=\has_error_code
#endif #endif
``` ```
We will not dive into exceptions [Tracing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracing_%28software%29) now. If `CONFIG_TRACING` is not set, we can see that `trace_idtentry` macro just expands to the normal `idtentry`. We already saw implementation of the `idtentry` macro in the previous [part](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/interrupts/interrupts-3.html), so let's start from the `page_fault` exception handler. We will not dive into exceptions [Tracing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracing_%28software%29) now. If `CONFIG_TRACING` is not set, we can see that `trace_idtentry` macro just expands to the normal `idtentry`. We already saw implementation of the `idtentry` macro in the previous [part](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Interrupts/interrupts-3.html), so let's start from the `page_fault` exception handler.
As we can see in the `idtentry` definition, the handler of the `page_fault` is `do_page_fault` function which defined in the [arch/x86/mm/fault.c](https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/16f73eb02d7e1765ccab3d2018e0bd98eb93d973/arch/x86/mm/fault.c) and as all exceptions handlers it takes two arguments: As we can see in the `idtentry` definition, the handler of the `page_fault` is `do_page_fault` function which defined in the [arch/x86/mm/fault.c](https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/16f73eb02d7e1765ccab3d2018e0bd98eb93d973/arch/x86/mm/fault.c) and as all exceptions handlers it takes two arguments:
@ -197,7 +197,7 @@ static int proc_root_readdir(struct file *file, struct dir_context *ctx)
} }
``` ```
Here we can see `proc_root_readdir` function which will be called when the Linux [VFS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_file_system) needs to read the `root` directory contents. If condition marked with `unlikely`, compiler can put `false` code right after branching. Now let's back to the our address check. Comparison between the given address and the `0x00007ffffffff000` will give us to know, was page fault in the kernel mode or user mode. After this check we know it. After this `__do_page_fault` routine will try to understand the problem that provoked page fault exception and then will pass address to the appropriate routine. It can be `kmemcheck` fault, spurious fault, [kprobes](https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/kprobes.txt) fault and etc. Will not dive into implementation details of the page fault exception handler in this part, because we need to know many different concepts which are provided by the Linux kernel, but will see it in the chapter about the [memory management](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/mm/index.html) in the Linux kernel. Here we can see `proc_root_readdir` function which will be called when the Linux [VFS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_file_system) needs to read the `root` directory contents. If condition marked with `unlikely`, compiler can put `false` code right after branching. Now let's back to the our address check. Comparison between the given address and the `0x00007ffffffff000` will give us to know, was page fault in the kernel mode or user mode. After this check we know it. After this `__do_page_fault` routine will try to understand the problem that provoked page fault exception and then will pass address to the appropriate routine. It can be `kmemcheck` fault, spurious fault, [kprobes](https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/kprobes.txt) fault and etc. Will not dive into implementation details of the page fault exception handler in this part, because we need to know many different concepts which are provided by the Linux kernel, but will see it in the chapter about the [memory management](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/index.html) in the Linux kernel.
Back to start_kernel Back to start_kernel
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
@ -214,7 +214,7 @@ There are many different function calls after the `early_trap_pf_init` in the `s
#endif #endif
``` ```
Note that it depends on the `CONFIG_EISA` kernel configuration parameter which represents `EISA` support. Here we use `early_ioremap` function to map `I/O` memory on the page tables. We use `readl` function to read first `4` bytes from the mapped region and if they are equal to `EISA` string we set `EISA_bus` to one. In the end we just unmap previously mapped region. More about `early_ioremap` you can read in the part which describes [Fix-Mapped Addresses and ioremap](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/mm/linux-mm-2.html). Note that it depends on the `CONFIG_EISA` kernel configuration parameter which represents `EISA` support. Here we use `early_ioremap` function to map `I/O` memory on the page tables. We use `readl` function to read first `4` bytes from the mapped region and if they are equal to `EISA` string we set `EISA_bus` to one. In the end we just unmap previously mapped region. More about `early_ioremap` you can read in the part which describes [Fix-Mapped Addresses and ioremap](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/linux-mm-2.html).
After this we start to fill the `Interrupt Descriptor Table` with the different interrupt gates. First of all we set `#DE` or `Divide Error` and `#NMI` or `Non-maskable Interrupt`: After this we start to fill the `Interrupt Descriptor Table` with the different interrupt gates. First of all we set `#DE` or `Divide Error` and `#NMI` or `Non-maskable Interrupt`:
@ -223,7 +223,7 @@ set_intr_gate(X86_TRAP_DE, divide_error);
set_intr_gate_ist(X86_TRAP_NMI, &nmi, NMI_STACK); set_intr_gate_ist(X86_TRAP_NMI, &nmi, NMI_STACK);
``` ```
We use `set_intr_gate` macro to set the interrupt gate for the `#DE` exception and `set_intr_gate_ist` for the `#NMI`. You can remember that we already used these macros when we have set the interrupts gates for the page fault handler, debug handler and etc, you can find explanation of it in the previous [part](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/interrupts/interrupts-3.html). After this we setup exception gates for the following exceptions: We use `set_intr_gate` macro to set the interrupt gate for the `#DE` exception and `set_intr_gate_ist` for the `#NMI`. You can remember that we already used these macros when we have set the interrupts gates for the page fault handler, debug handler and etc, you can find explanation of it in the previous [part](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Interrupts/interrupts-3.html). After this we setup exception gates for the following exceptions:
```C ```C
set_system_intr_gate(X86_TRAP_OF, &overflow); set_system_intr_gate(X86_TRAP_OF, &overflow);
@ -329,7 +329,7 @@ __set_fixmap(FIX_RO_IDT, __pa_symbol(idt_table), PAGE_KERNEL_RO);
idt_descr.address = fix_to_virt(FIX_RO_IDT); idt_descr.address = fix_to_virt(FIX_RO_IDT);
``` ```
and write its address to the `idt_descr.address` (more about fix-mapped addresses you can read in the second part of the [Linux kernel memory management](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/mm/linux-mm-2.html) chapter). After this we can see the call of the `cpu_init` function that defined in the [arch/x86/kernel/cpu/common.c](https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/16f73eb02d7e1765ccab3d2018e0bd98eb93d973/arch/x86/kernel/cpu/common.c). This function makes initialization of the all `per-cpu` state. In the beginning of the `cpu_init` we do the following things: First of all we wait while current cpu is initialized and than we call the `cr4_init_shadow` function which stores shadow copy of the `cr4` control register for the current cpu and load CPU microcode if need with the following function calls: and write its address to the `idt_descr.address` (more about fix-mapped addresses you can read in the second part of the [Linux kernel memory management](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/linux-mm-2.html) chapter). After this we can see the call of the `cpu_init` function that defined in the [arch/x86/kernel/cpu/common.c](https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/16f73eb02d7e1765ccab3d2018e0bd98eb93d973/arch/x86/kernel/cpu/common.c). This function makes initialization of the all `per-cpu` state. In the beginning of the `cpu_init` we do the following things: First of all we wait while current cpu is initialized and than we call the `cr4_init_shadow` function which stores shadow copy of the `cr4` control register for the current cpu and load CPU microcode if need with the following function calls:
```C ```C
wait_for_master_cpu(cpu); wait_for_master_cpu(cpu);
@ -421,7 +421,7 @@ set_system_intr_gate_ist(X86_TRAP_BP, &int3, DEBUG_STACK);
#endif #endif
``` ```
Here we copy `idt_table` to the `nmi_dit_table` and setup exception handlers for the `#DB` or `Debug exception` and `#BR` or `Breakpoint exception`. You can remember that we already set these interrupt gates in the previous [part](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/interrupts/interrupts-3.html), so why do we need to setup it again? We setup it again because when we initialized it before in the `early_trap_init` function, the `Task State Segment` was not ready yet, but now it is ready after the call of the `cpu_init` function. Here we copy `idt_table` to the `nmi_dit_table` and setup exception handlers for the `#DB` or `Debug exception` and `#BR` or `Breakpoint exception`. You can remember that we already set these interrupt gates in the previous [part](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Interrupts/interrupts-3.html), so why do we need to setup it again? We setup it again because when we initialized it before in the `early_trap_init` function, the `Task State Segment` was not ready yet, but now it is ready after the call of the `cpu_init` function.
That's all. Soon we will consider all handlers of these interrupts/exceptions. That's all. Soon we will consider all handlers of these interrupts/exceptions.
@ -448,8 +448,8 @@ Links
* [3DNow](https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=3DNow!) * [3DNow](https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=3DNow!)
* [CPU caches](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPU_cache) * [CPU caches](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPU_cache)
* [VFS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_file_system) * [VFS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_file_system)
* [Linux kernel memory management](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/mm/index.html) * [Linux kernel memory management](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/index.html)
* [Fix-Mapped Addresses and ioremap](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/mm/linux-mm-2.html) * [Fix-Mapped Addresses and ioremap](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/linux-mm-2.html)
* [Extended Industry Standard Architecture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_Industry_Standard_Architecture) * [Extended Industry Standard Architecture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_Industry_Standard_Architecture)
* [INT isntruction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INT_%28x86_instruction%29) * [INT isntruction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INT_%28x86_instruction%29)
* [INTO](http://x86.renejeschke.de/html/file_module_x86_id_142.html) * [INTO](http://x86.renejeschke.de/html/file_module_x86_id_142.html)
@ -462,4 +462,4 @@ Links
* [cpumasks and bitmaps](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Concepts/cpumask.html) * [cpumasks and bitmaps](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Concepts/cpumask.html)
* [NX](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NX_bit) * [NX](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NX_bit)
* [Task State Segment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Task_state_segment) * [Task State Segment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Task_state_segment)
* [Previous part](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/interrupts/interrupts-3.html) * [Previous part](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Interrupts/interrupts-3.html)

10
interrupts/linux-interrupts-5.md → Interrupts/linux-interrupts-5.md
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@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ Interrupts and Interrupt Handling. Part 5.
Implementation of exception handlers Implementation of exception handlers
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
This is the fifth part about an interrupts and exceptions handling in the Linux kernel and in the previous [part](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/interrupts/interrupts-4.html) we stopped on the setting of interrupt gates to the [Interrupt descriptor Table](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interrupt_descriptor_table). We did it in the `trap_init` function from the [arch/x86/kernel/traps.c](https://github.com/torvalds/linux/tree/master/arch/x86/kernel/traps.c) source code file. We saw only setting of these interrupt gates in the previous part and in the current part we will see implementation of the exception handlers for these gates. The preparation before an exception handler will be executed is in the [arch/x86/entry/entry_64.S](https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/16f73eb02d7e1765ccab3d2018e0bd98eb93d973/arch/x86/entry/entry_64.S) assembly file and occurs in the [idtentry](https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/16f73eb02d7e1765ccab3d2018e0bd98eb93d973/arch/x86/entry/entry_64.S#L820) macro that defines exceptions entry points: This is the fifth part about an interrupts and exceptions handling in the Linux kernel and in the previous [part](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Interrupts/interrupts-4.html) we stopped on the setting of interrupt gates to the [Interrupt descriptor Table](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interrupt_descriptor_table). We did it in the `trap_init` function from the [arch/x86/kernel/traps.c](https://github.com/torvalds/linux/tree/master/arch/x86/kernel/traps.c) source code file. We saw only setting of these interrupt gates in the previous part and in the current part we will see implementation of the exception handlers for these gates. The preparation before an exception handler will be executed is in the [arch/x86/entry/entry_64.S](https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/16f73eb02d7e1765ccab3d2018e0bd98eb93d973/arch/x86/entry/entry_64.S) assembly file and occurs in the [idtentry](https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/16f73eb02d7e1765ccab3d2018e0bd98eb93d973/arch/x86/entry/entry_64.S#L820) macro that defines exceptions entry points:
```assembly ```assembly
idtentry divide_error do_divide_error has_error_code=0 idtentry divide_error do_divide_error has_error_code=0
@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ native_irq_return_iret:
iretq iretq
``` ```
More about the `idtentry` macro you can read in the third part of the [http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/interrupts/interrupts-3.html](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/interrupts/interrupts-3.html) chapter. Ok, now we saw the preparation before an exception handler will be executed and now time to look on the handlers. First of all let's look on the following handlers: More about the `idtentry` macro you can read in the third part of the [http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Interrupts/interrupts-3.html](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Interrupts/interrupts-3.html) chapter. Ok, now we saw the preparation before an exception handler will be executed and now time to look on the handlers. First of all let's look on the following handlers:
* divide_error * divide_error
* overflow * overflow
@ -211,7 +211,7 @@ static inline void conditional_sti(struct pt_regs *regs)
} }
``` ```
more about `local_irq_enable` macro you can read in the second [part](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/interrupts/interrupts-2.html) of this chapter. The next and last call in the `do_error_trap` is the `do_trap` function. First of all the `do_trap` function defined the `tsk` variable which has `task_struct` type and represents the current interrupted process. After the definition of the `tsk`, we can see the call of the `do_trap_no_signal` function: more about `local_irq_enable` macro you can read in the second [part](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Interrupts/interrupts-2.html) of this chapter. The next and last call in the `do_error_trap` is the `do_trap` function. First of all the `do_trap` function defined the `tsk` variable which has `task_struct` type and represents the current interrupted process. After the definition of the `tsk`, we can see the call of the `do_trap_no_signal` function:
```C ```C
struct task_struct *tsk = current; struct task_struct *tsk = current;
@ -463,7 +463,7 @@ That's all.
Conclusion Conclusion
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
It is the end of the fifth part of the [Interrupts and Interrupt Handling](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/interrupts/index.html) chapter and we saw implementation of some interrupt handlers in this part. In the next part we will continue to dive into interrupt and exception handlers and will see handler for the [Non-Maskable Interrupts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-maskable_interrupt), handling of the math [coprocessor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coprocessor) and [SIMD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIMD) coprocessor exceptions and many many more. It is the end of the fifth part of the [Interrupts and Interrupt Handling](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Interrupts/index.html) chapter and we saw implementation of some interrupt handlers in this part. In the next part we will continue to dive into interrupt and exception handlers and will see handler for the [Non-Maskable Interrupts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-maskable_interrupt), handling of the math [coprocessor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coprocessor) and [SIMD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIMD) coprocessor exceptions and many many more.
If you have any questions or suggestions write me a comment or ping me at [twitter](https://twitter.com/0xAX). If you have any questions or suggestions write me a comment or ping me at [twitter](https://twitter.com/0xAX).
@ -490,4 +490,4 @@ Links
* [x87 FPU](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X87) * [x87 FPU](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X87)
* [control register](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_register) * [control register](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_register)
* [MMX](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MMX_%28instruction_set%29) * [MMX](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MMX_%28instruction_set%29)
* [Previous part](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/interrupts/interrupts-4.html) * [Previous part](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Interrupts/interrupts-4.html)

14
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@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ Interrupts and Interrupt Handling. Part 6.
Non-maskable interrupt handler Non-maskable interrupt handler
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
It is sixth part of the [Interrupts and Interrupt Handling in the Linux kernel](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/interrupts/index.html) chapter and in the previous [part](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/interrupts/interrupts-5.html) we saw implementation of some exception handlers for the [General Protection Fault](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_protection_fault) exception, divide exception, invalid [opcode](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opcode) exceptions and etc. As I wrote in the previous part we will see implementations of the rest exceptions in this part. We will see implementation of the following handlers: It is sixth part of the [Interrupts and Interrupt Handling in the Linux kernel](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Interrupts/index.html) chapter and in the previous [part](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Interrupts/interrupts-5.html) we saw implementation of some exception handlers for the [General Protection Fault](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_protection_fault) exception, divide exception, invalid [opcode](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opcode) exceptions and etc. As I wrote in the previous part we will see implementations of the rest exceptions in this part. We will see implementation of the following handlers:
* [Non-Maskable](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-maskable_interrupt) interrupt; * [Non-Maskable](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-maskable_interrupt) interrupt;
* [BOUND](http://pdos.csail.mit.edu/6.828/2005/readings/i386/BOUND.htm) Range Exceeded Exception; * [BOUND](http://pdos.csail.mit.edu/6.828/2005/readings/i386/BOUND.htm) Range Exceeded Exception;
@ -21,13 +21,13 @@ A [Non-Maskable](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-maskable_interrupt) interrupt
* External hardware asserts the non-maskable interrupt [pin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPU_socket) on the CPU. * External hardware asserts the non-maskable interrupt [pin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPU_socket) on the CPU.
* The processor receives a message on the system bus or the APIC serial bus with a delivery mode `NMI`. * The processor receives a message on the system bus or the APIC serial bus with a delivery mode `NMI`.
When the processor receives a `NMI` from one of these sources, the processor handles it immediately by calling the `NMI` handler pointed to by interrupt vector which has number `2` (see table in the first [part](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/interrupts/interrupts-1.html)). We already filled the [Interrupt Descriptor Table](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interrupt_descriptor_table) with the [vector number](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interrupt_vector_table), address of the `nmi` interrupt handler and `NMI_STACK` [Interrupt Stack Table entry](https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/16f73eb02d7e1765ccab3d2018e0bd98eb93d973/Documentation/x86/kernel-stacks): When the processor receives a `NMI` from one of these sources, the processor handles it immediately by calling the `NMI` handler pointed to by interrupt vector which has number `2` (see table in the first [part](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Interrupts/interrupts-1.html)). We already filled the [Interrupt Descriptor Table](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interrupt_descriptor_table) with the [vector number](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interrupt_vector_table), address of the `nmi` interrupt handler and `NMI_STACK` [Interrupt Stack Table entry](https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/16f73eb02d7e1765ccab3d2018e0bd98eb93d973/Documentation/x86/kernel-stacks):
```C ```C
set_intr_gate_ist(X86_TRAP_NMI, &nmi, NMI_STACK); set_intr_gate_ist(X86_TRAP_NMI, &nmi, NMI_STACK);
``` ```
in the `trap_init` function which defined in the [arch/x86/kernel/traps.c](https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/16f73eb02d7e1765ccab3d2018e0bd98eb93d973/arch/x86/kernel/traps.c) source code file. In the previous [parts](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/interrupts/index.html) we saw that entry points of the all interrupt handlers are defined with the: in the `trap_init` function which defined in the [arch/x86/kernel/traps.c](https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/16f73eb02d7e1765ccab3d2018e0bd98eb93d973/arch/x86/kernel/traps.c) source code file. In the previous [parts](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Interrupts/index.html) we saw that entry points of the all interrupt handlers are defined with the:
```assembly ```assembly
.macro idtentry sym do_sym has_error_code:req paranoid=0 shift_ist=-1 .macro idtentry sym do_sym has_error_code:req paranoid=0 shift_ist=-1
@ -169,7 +169,7 @@ pushq $-1
ALLOC_PT_GPREGS_ON_STACK ALLOC_PT_GPREGS_ON_STACK
``` ```
We already saw implementation of the `ALLOC_PT_GREGS_ON_STACK` macro in the third part of the interrupts [chapter](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/interrupts/interrupts-3.html). This macro defined in the [arch/x86/entry/calling.h](https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/16f73eb02d7e1765ccab3d2018e0bd98eb93d973/arch/x86/entry/calling.h) and yet another allocates `120` bytes on stack for the general purpose registers, from the `rdi` to the `r15`: We already saw implementation of the `ALLOC_PT_GREGS_ON_STACK` macro in the third part of the interrupts [chapter](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Interrupts/interrupts-3.html). This macro defined in the [arch/x86/entry/calling.h](https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/16f73eb02d7e1765ccab3d2018e0bd98eb93d973/arch/x86/entry/calling.h) and yet another allocates `120` bytes on stack for the general purpose registers, from the `rdi` to the `r15`:
```assembly ```assembly
.macro ALLOC_PT_GPREGS_ON_STACK addskip=0 .macro ALLOC_PT_GPREGS_ON_STACK addskip=0
@ -325,7 +325,7 @@ exception_exit(prev_state);
return; return;
``` ```
After we have got the state of the previous context, we add the exception to the `notify_die` chain and if it will return `NOTIFY_STOP` we return from the exception. More about notify chains and the `context tracking` functions you can read in the [previous part](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/interrupts/interrupts-5.html). In the next step we enable interrupts if they were disabled with the `contidional_sti` function that checks `IF` flag and call the `local_irq_enable` depends on its value: After we have got the state of the previous context, we add the exception to the `notify_die` chain and if it will return `NOTIFY_STOP` we return from the exception. More about notify chains and the `context tracking` functions you can read in the [previous part](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Interrupts/interrupts-5.html). In the next step we enable interrupts if they were disabled with the `contidional_sti` function that checks `IF` flag and call the `local_irq_enable` depends on its value:
```C ```C
conditional_sti(regs); conditional_sti(regs);
@ -446,7 +446,7 @@ That's all.
Conclusion Conclusion
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
It is the end of the sixth part of the [Interrupts and Interrupt Handling](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/interrupts/index.html) chapter and we saw implementation of some exception handlers in this part, like `non-maskable` interrupt, [SIMD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIMD) and [x87 FPU](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X87) floating point exception. Finally we have finsihed with the `trap_init` function in this part and will go ahead in the next part. The next our point is the external interrupts and the `early_irq_init` function from the [init/main.c](https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/16f73eb02d7e1765ccab3d2018e0bd98eb93d973/init/main.c). It is the end of the sixth part of the [Interrupts and Interrupt Handling](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Interrupts/index.html) chapter and we saw implementation of some exception handlers in this part, like `non-maskable` interrupt, [SIMD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIMD) and [x87 FPU](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X87) floating point exception. Finally we have finsihed with the `trap_init` function in this part and will go ahead in the next part. The next our point is the external interrupts and the `early_irq_init` function from the [init/main.c](https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/16f73eb02d7e1765ccab3d2018e0bd98eb93d973/init/main.c).
If you have any questions or suggestions write me a comment or ping me at [twitter](https://twitter.com/0xAX). If you have any questions or suggestions write me a comment or ping me at [twitter](https://twitter.com/0xAX).
@ -477,4 +477,4 @@ Links
* [RCU](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Read-copy-update) * [RCU](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Read-copy-update)
* [MPX](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_MPX) * [MPX](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_MPX)
* [x87 FPU](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X87) * [x87 FPU](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X87)
* [Previous part](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/interrupts/interrupts-5.html) * [Previous part](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Interrupts/interrupts-5.html)

4
interrupts/linux-interrupts-7.md → Interrupts/linux-interrupts-7.md
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@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ Interrupts and Interrupt Handling. Part 7.
Introduction to external interrupts Introduction to external interrupts
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
This is the seventh part of the Interrupts and Interrupt Handling in the Linux kernel [chapter](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/interrupts/index.html) and in the previous [part](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/interrupts/interrupts-6.html) we have finished with the exceptions which are generated by the processor. In this part we will continue to dive to the interrupt handling and will start with the external hardware interrupt handling. As you can remember, in the previous part we have finished with the `trap_init` function from the [arch/x86/kernel/trap.c](https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/16f73eb02d7e1765ccab3d2018e0bd98eb93d973/arch/x86/kernel/traps.c) and the next step is the call of the `early_irq_init` function from the [init/main.c](https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/16f73eb02d7e1765ccab3d2018e0bd98eb93d973/init/main.c). This is the seventh part of the Interrupts and Interrupt Handling in the Linux kernel [chapter](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Interrupts/index.html) and in the previous [part](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Interrupts/interrupts-6.html) we have finished with the exceptions which are generated by the processor. In this part we will continue to dive to the interrupt handling and will start with the external hardware interrupt handling. As you can remember, in the previous part we have finished with the `trap_init` function from the [arch/x86/kernel/trap.c](https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/16f73eb02d7e1765ccab3d2018e0bd98eb93d973/arch/x86/kernel/traps.c) and the next step is the call of the `early_irq_init` function from the [init/main.c](https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/16f73eb02d7e1765ccab3d2018e0bd98eb93d973/init/main.c).
Interrupts are signal that are sent across [IRQ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interrupt_request_%28PC_architecture%29) or `Interrupt Request Line` by a hardware or software. External hardware interrupts allow devices like keyboard, mouse and etc, to indicate that it needs attention of the processor. Once the processor receives the `Interrupt Request`, it will temporary stop execution of the running program and invoke special routine which depends on an interrupt. We already know that this routine is called interrupt handler (or how we will call it `ISR` or `Interrupt Service Routine` from this part). The `ISR` or `Interrupt Handler Routine` can be found in Interrupt Vector table that is located at fixed address in the memory. After the interrupt is handled processor resumes the interrupted process. At the boot/initialization time, the Linux kernel identifies all devices in the machine, and appropriate interrupt handlers are loaded into the interrupt table. As we saw in the previous parts, most exceptions are handled simply by the sending a [Unix signal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix_signal) to the interrupted process. That's why kernel is can handle an exception quickly. Unfortunately we can not use this approach for the external hardware interrupts, because often they arrive after (and sometimes long after) the process to which they are related has been suspended. So it would make no sense to send a Unix signal to the current process. External interrupt handling depends on the type of an interrupt: Interrupts are signal that are sent across [IRQ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interrupt_request_%28PC_architecture%29) or `Interrupt Request Line` by a hardware or software. External hardware interrupts allow devices like keyboard, mouse and etc, to indicate that it needs attention of the processor. Once the processor receives the `Interrupt Request`, it will temporary stop execution of the running program and invoke special routine which depends on an interrupt. We already know that this routine is called interrupt handler (or how we will call it `ISR` or `Interrupt Service Routine` from this part). The `ISR` or `Interrupt Handler Routine` can be found in Interrupt Vector table that is located at fixed address in the memory. After the interrupt is handled processor resumes the interrupted process. At the boot/initialization time, the Linux kernel identifies all devices in the machine, and appropriate interrupt handlers are loaded into the interrupt table. As we saw in the previous parts, most exceptions are handled simply by the sending a [Unix signal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix_signal) to the interrupted process. That's why kernel is can handle an exception quickly. Unfortunately we can not use this approach for the external hardware interrupts, because often they arrive after (and sometimes long after) the process to which they are related has been suspended. So it would make no sense to send a Unix signal to the current process. External interrupt handling depends on the type of an interrupt:
@ -434,7 +434,7 @@ That's all.
Conclusion Conclusion
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
It is the end of the seventh part of the [Interrupts and Interrupt Handling](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/interrupts/index.html) chapter and we started to dive into external hardware interrupts in this part. We saw early initialization of the `irq_desc` structure which represents description of an external interrupt and contains information about it like list of irq actions, information about interrupt handler, interrupt's owner, count of the unhandled interrupt and etc. In the next part we will continue to research external interrupts. It is the end of the seventh part of the [Interrupts and Interrupt Handling](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Interrupts/index.html) chapter and we started to dive into external hardware interrupts in this part. We saw early initialization of the `irq_desc` structure which represents description of an external interrupt and contains information about it like list of irq actions, information about interrupt handler, interrupt's owner, count of the unhandled interrupt and etc. In the next part we will continue to research external interrupts.
If you have any questions or suggestions write me a comment or ping me at [twitter](https://twitter.com/0xAX). If you have any questions or suggestions write me a comment or ping me at [twitter](https://twitter.com/0xAX).

14
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@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ Interrupts and Interrupt Handling. Part 8.
Non-early initialization of the IRQs Non-early initialization of the IRQs
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
This is the eighth part of the Interrupts and Interrupt Handling in the Linux kernel [chapter](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/interrupts/index.html) and in the previous [part](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/interrupts/interrupts-7.html) we started to dive into the external hardware [interrupts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interrupt_request_%28PC_architecture%29). We looked on the implementation of the `early_irq_init` function from the [kernel/irq/irqdesc.c](https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/16f73eb02d7e1765ccab3d2018e0bd98eb93d973/kernel/irq/irqdesc.c) source code file and saw the initialization of the `irq_desc` structure in this function. Remind that `irq_desc` structure (defined in the [include/linux/irqdesc.h](https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/16f73eb02d7e1765ccab3d2018e0bd98eb93d973/include/linux/irqdesc.h#L46) is the foundation of interrupt management code in the Linux kernel and represents an interrupt descriptor. In this part we will continue to dive into the initialization stuff which is related to the external hardware interrupts. This is the eighth part of the Interrupts and Interrupt Handling in the Linux kernel [chapter](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Interrupts/index.html) and in the previous [part](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Interrupts/interrupts-7.html) we started to dive into the external hardware [interrupts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interrupt_request_%28PC_architecture%29). We looked on the implementation of the `early_irq_init` function from the [kernel/irq/irqdesc.c](https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/16f73eb02d7e1765ccab3d2018e0bd98eb93d973/kernel/irq/irqdesc.c) source code file and saw the initialization of the `irq_desc` structure in this function. Remind that `irq_desc` structure (defined in the [include/linux/irqdesc.h](https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/16f73eb02d7e1765ccab3d2018e0bd98eb93d973/include/linux/irqdesc.h#L46) is the foundation of interrupt management code in the Linux kernel and represents an interrupt descriptor. In this part we will continue to dive into the initialization stuff which is related to the external hardware interrupts.
Right after the call of the `early_irq_init` function in the [init/main.c](https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/16f73eb02d7e1765ccab3d2018e0bd98eb93d973/init/main.c) we can see the call of the `init_IRQ` function. This function is architecture-specific and defined in the [arch/x86/kernel/irqinit.c](https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/16f73eb02d7e1765ccab3d2018e0bd98eb93d973/kernel/irqinit.c). The `init_IRQ` function makes initialization of the `vector_irq` [percpu](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Concepts/per-cpu.html) variable that defined in the same [arch/x86/kernel/irqinit.c](https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/16f73eb02d7e1765ccab3d2018e0bd98eb93d973/kernel/irqinit.c) source code file: Right after the call of the `early_irq_init` function in the [init/main.c](https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/16f73eb02d7e1765ccab3d2018e0bd98eb93d973/init/main.c) we can see the call of the `init_IRQ` function. This function is architecture-specific and defined in the [arch/x86/kernel/irqinit.c](https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/16f73eb02d7e1765ccab3d2018e0bd98eb93d973/kernel/irqinit.c). The `init_IRQ` function makes initialization of the `vector_irq` [percpu](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Concepts/per-cpu.html) variable that defined in the same [arch/x86/kernel/irqinit.c](https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/16f73eb02d7e1765ccab3d2018e0bd98eb93d973/kernel/irqinit.c) source code file:
@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ and represents `percpu` array of the interrupt vector numbers. The `vector_irq_t
typedef int vector_irq_t[NR_VECTORS]; typedef int vector_irq_t[NR_VECTORS];
``` ```
where `NR_VECTORS` is count of the vector number and as you can remember from the first [part](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/interrupts/interrupts-1.html) of this chapter it is `256` for the [x86_64](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X86-64): where `NR_VECTORS` is count of the vector number and as you can remember from the first [part](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Interrupts/interrupts-1.html) of this chapter it is `256` for the [x86_64](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X86-64):
```C ```C
#define NR_VECTORS 256 #define NR_VECTORS 256
@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ In the loop we are accessing the `vecto_irq` per-cpu array with the `per_cpu` ma
#define IRQ0_VECTOR ((FIRST_EXTERNAL_VECTOR + 16) & ~15) #define IRQ0_VECTOR ((FIRST_EXTERNAL_VECTOR + 16) & ~15)
``` ```
Why is `0x30` here? You can remember from the first [part](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/interrupts/interrupts-1.html) of this chapter that first 32 vector numbers from `0` to `31` are reserved by the processor and used for the processing of architecture-defined exceptions and interrupts. Vector numbers from `0x30` to `0x3f` are reserved for the [ISA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industry_Standard_Architecture). So, it means that we fill the `vector_irq` from the `IRQ0_VECTOR` which is equal to the `32` to the `IRQ0_VECTOR + 16` (before the `0x30`). Why is `0x30` here? You can remember from the first [part](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Interrupts/interrupts-1.html) of this chapter that first 32 vector numbers from `0` to `31` are reserved by the processor and used for the processing of architecture-defined exceptions and interrupts. Vector numbers from `0x30` to `0x3f` are reserved for the [ISA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industry_Standard_Architecture). So, it means that we fill the `vector_irq` from the `IRQ0_VECTOR` which is equal to the `32` to the `IRQ0_VECTOR + 16` (before the `0x30`).
In the end of the `init_IRQ` function we can see the call of the following function: In the end of the `init_IRQ` function we can see the call of the following function:
@ -241,7 +241,7 @@ do { \
} while (0) } while (0)
``` ```
As we can see, first of all it expands to the call of the `alloc_system_vector` function that checks the given vector number in the `used_vectors` bitmap (read previous [part](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/interrupts/interrupts-7.html) about it) and if it is not set in the `used_vectors` bitmap we set it. After this we test that the `first_system_vector` is greater than given interrupt vector number and if it is greater we assign it: As we can see, first of all it expands to the call of the `alloc_system_vector` function that checks the given vector number in the `used_vectors` bitmap (read previous [part](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Interrupts/interrupts-7.html) about it) and if it is not set in the `used_vectors` bitmap we set it. After this we test that the `first_system_vector` is greater than given interrupt vector number and if it is greater we assign it:
```C ```C
if (!test_bit(vector, used_vectors)) { if (!test_bit(vector, used_vectors)) {
@ -399,7 +399,7 @@ for (i = 0; i < FIRST_EXTERNAL_VECTOR; i++)
set_bit(i, used_vectors); set_bit(i, used_vectors);
``` ```
You can remember how we did it in the sixth [part](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/interrupts/interrupts-6.html) of this chapter. You can remember how we did it in the sixth [part](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Interrupts/interrupts-6.html) of this chapter.
In the end of the `native_init_IRQ` function we can see the following check: In the end of the `native_init_IRQ` function we can see the following check:
@ -509,7 +509,7 @@ That's all.
Conclusion Conclusion
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
It is the end of the eighth part of the [Interrupts and Interrupt Handling](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/interrupts/index.html) chapter and we continued to dive into external hardware interrupts in this part. In the previous part we started to do it and saw early initialization of the `IRQs`. In this part we already saw non-early interrupts initialization in the `init_IRQ` function. We saw initialization of the `vector_irq` per-cpu array which is store vector numbers of the interrupts and will be used during interrupt handling and initialization of other stuff which is related to the external hardware interrupts. It is the end of the eighth part of the [Interrupts and Interrupt Handling](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Interrupts/index.html) chapter and we continued to dive into external hardware interrupts in this part. In the previous part we started to do it and saw early initialization of the `IRQs`. In this part we already saw non-early interrupts initialization in the `init_IRQ` function. We saw initialization of the `vector_irq` per-cpu array which is store vector numbers of the interrupts and will be used during interrupt handling and initialization of other stuff which is related to the external hardware interrupts.
In the next part we will continue to learn interrupts handling related stuff and will see initialization of the `softirqs`. In the next part we will continue to learn interrupts handling related stuff and will see initialization of the `softirqs`.
@ -539,4 +539,4 @@ Links
* [Open Firmware](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Firmware) * [Open Firmware](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Firmware)
* [devicetree](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Device_tree) * [devicetree](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Device_tree)
* [RTC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real-time_clock) * [RTC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real-time_clock)
* [Previous part](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/interrupts/interrupts-7.html) * [Previous part](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Interrupts/interrupts-7.html)

10
interrupts/linux-interrupts-9.md → Interrupts/linux-interrupts-9.md
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@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ Interrupts and Interrupt Handling. Part 9.
Introduction to deferred interrupts (Softirq, Tasklets and Workqueues) Introduction to deferred interrupts (Softirq, Tasklets and Workqueues)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
It is the nine part of the Interrupts and Interrupt Handling in the Linux kernel [chapter](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/interrupts/index.html) and in the previous [Previous part](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/interrupts/interrupts-8.html) we saw implementation of the `init_IRQ` from that defined in the [arch/x86/kernel/irqinit.c](https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/16f73eb02d7e1765ccab3d2018e0bd98eb93d973/arch/x86/kernel/irqinit.c) source code file. So, we will continue to dive into the initialization stuff which is related to the external hardware interrupts in this part. It is the nine part of the Interrupts and Interrupt Handling in the Linux kernel [chapter](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Interrupts/index.html) and in the previous [Previous part](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Interrupts/interrupts-8.html) we saw implementation of the `init_IRQ` from that defined in the [arch/x86/kernel/irqinit.c](https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/16f73eb02d7e1765ccab3d2018e0bd98eb93d973/arch/x86/kernel/irqinit.c) source code file. So, we will continue to dive into the initialization stuff which is related to the external hardware interrupts in this part.
Interrupts may have different important characteristics and there are two among them: Interrupts may have different important characteristics and there are two among them:
@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ The `raise_softirq_irqoff` function marks the softirq as deffered by setting the
__raise_softirq_irqoff(nr); __raise_softirq_irqoff(nr);
``` ```
macro. After this, it checks the result of the `in_interrupt` that returns `irq_count` value. We already saw the `irq_count` in the first [part](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/interrupts/interrupts-1.html) of this chapter and it is used to check if a CPU is already on an interrupt stack or not. We just exit from the `raise_softirq_irqoff`, restore `IF` flag and enable interrupts on the local processor, if we are in the interrupt context, otherwise we call the `wakeup_softirqd`: macro. After this, it checks the result of the `in_interrupt` that returns `irq_count` value. We already saw the `irq_count` in the first [part](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Interrupts/interrupts-1.html) of this chapter and it is used to check if a CPU is already on an interrupt stack or not. We just exit from the `raise_softirq_irqoff`, restore `IF` flag and enable interrupts on the local processor, if we are in the interrupt context, otherwise we call the `wakeup_softirqd`:
```C ```C
if (!in_interrupt()) if (!in_interrupt())
@ -364,7 +364,7 @@ static void tasklet_action(struct softirq_action *a)
} }
``` ```
In the beginning of the `tasklet_action` function, we disable interrupts for the local processor with the help of the `local_irq_disable` macro (you can read about this macro in the second [part](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/interrupts/interrupts-2.html) of this chapter). In the next step, we take a head of the list that contains tasklets with normal priority and set this per-cpu list to `NULL` because all tasklets must be executed in a generally way. After this we enable interrupts for the local processor and go through the list of tasklets in the loop. In every iteration of the loop we call the `tasklet_trylock` function for the given tasklet that updates state of the given tasklet on `TASKLET_STATE_RUN`: In the beginning of the `tasklet_action` function, we disable interrupts for the local processor with the help of the `local_irq_disable` macro (you can read about this macro in the second [part](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Interrupts/interrupts-2.html) of this chapter). In the next step, we take a head of the list that contains tasklets with normal priority and set this per-cpu list to `NULL` because all tasklets must be executed in a generally way. After this we enable interrupts for the local processor and go through the list of tasklets in the loop. In every iteration of the loop we call the `tasklet_trylock` function for the given tasklet that updates state of the given tasklet on `TASKLET_STATE_RUN`:
```C ```C
static inline int tasklet_trylock(struct tasklet_struct *t) static inline int tasklet_trylock(struct tasklet_struct *t)
@ -506,7 +506,7 @@ That's all.
Conclusion Conclusion
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
It is the end of the ninth part of the [Interrupts and Interrupt Handling](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/interrupts/index.html) chapter and we continued to dive into external hardware interrupts in this part. In the previous part we saw initialization of the `IRQs` and main `irq_desc` structure. In this part we saw three concepts: the `softirq`, `tasklet` and `workqueue` that are used for the deferred functions. It is the end of the ninth part of the [Interrupts and Interrupt Handling](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Interrupts/index.html) chapter and we continued to dive into external hardware interrupts in this part. In the previous part we saw initialization of the `IRQs` and main `irq_desc` structure. In this part we saw three concepts: the `softirq`, `tasklet` and `workqueue` that are used for the deferred functions.
The next part will be last part of the `Interrupts and Interrupt Handling` chapter and we will look on the real hardware driver and will try to learn how it works with the interrupts subsystem. The next part will be last part of the `Interrupts and Interrupt Handling` chapter and we will look on the real hardware driver and will try to learn how it works with the interrupts subsystem.
@ -523,4 +523,4 @@ Links
* [CPU masks](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Concepts/cpumask.html) * [CPU masks](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Concepts/cpumask.html)
* [per-cpu](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Concepts/per-cpu.html) * [per-cpu](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Concepts/per-cpu.html)
* [Workqueue](https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/16f73eb02d7e1765ccab3d2018e0bd98eb93d973/Documentation/workqueue.txt) * [Workqueue](https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/16f73eb02d7e1765ccab3d2018e0bd98eb93d973/Documentation/workqueue.txt)
* [Previous part](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/interrupts/interrupts-8.html) * [Previous part](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Interrupts/interrupts-8.html)

0
mm/README.md → MM/README.md
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0
mm/linux-mm-1.md → MM/linux-mm-1.md
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2
mm/linux-mm-2.md → MM/linux-mm-2.md
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@ -536,4 +536,4 @@ Links
* [Memory management unit](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_management_unit) * [Memory management unit](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_management_unit)
* [TLB](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translation_lookaside_buffer) * [TLB](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translation_lookaside_buffer)
* [Paging](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Theory/Paging.html) * [Paging](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Theory/Paging.html)
* [Linux kernel memory management Part 1.](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/mm/linux-mm-1.html) * [Linux kernel memory management Part 1.](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/linux-mm-1.html)

6
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@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ Linux kernel memory management Part 3.
Introduction to the kmemcheck in the Linux kernel Introduction to the kmemcheck in the Linux kernel
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
This is the third part of the [chapter](https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/mm/) which describes [memory management](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_management) in the Linux kernel and in the previous [part](https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/mm/linux-mm-2.html) of this chapter we met two memory management related concepts: This is the third part of the [chapter](https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/) which describes [memory management](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_management) in the Linux kernel and in the previous [part](https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/linux-mm-2.html) of this chapter we met two memory management related concepts:
* `Fix-Mapped Addresses`; * `Fix-Mapped Addresses`;
* `ioremap`. * `ioremap`.
@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ $ sudo cat /proc/ioports
... ...
``` ```
can show us lists of currently registered port regions used for input or output communication with a device. All memory-mapped I/O addresses are not used by the kernel directly. So, before the Linux kernel can use such memory, it must map it to the virtual memory space which is the main purpose of the `ioremap` mechanism. Note that we saw only early `ioremap` in the previous [part](https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/mm/linux-mm-2.html). Soon we will look at the implementation of the non-early `ioremap` function. But before this we must learn other things, like a different types of memory allocators and etc., because in other way it will be very difficult to understand it. can show us lists of currently registered port regions used for input or output communication with a device. All memory-mapped I/O addresses are not used by the kernel directly. So, before the Linux kernel can use such memory, it must map it to the virtual memory space which is the main purpose of the `ioremap` mechanism. Note that we saw only early `ioremap` in the previous [part](https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/linux-mm-2.html). Soon we will look at the implementation of the non-early `ioremap` function. But before this we must learn other things, like a different types of memory allocators and etc., because in other way it will be very difficult to understand it.
So, before we will move on to the non-early [memory management](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_management) of the Linux kernel, we will see some mechanisms which provide special abilities for [debugging](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debugging), check of [memory leaks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_leak), memory control and etc. It will be easier to understand how memory management arranged in the Linux kernel after learning of all of these things. So, before we will move on to the non-early [memory management](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_management) of the Linux kernel, we will see some mechanisms which provide special abilities for [debugging](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debugging), check of [memory leaks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_leak), memory control and etc. It will be easier to understand how memory management arranged in the Linux kernel after learning of all of these things.
@ -431,4 +431,4 @@ Links
* [flags register](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLAGS_register) * [flags register](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLAGS_register)
* [tasklet](https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/interrupts/interrupts-9.html) * [tasklet](https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/interrupts/interrupts-9.html)
* [Paging](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Theory/Paging.html) * [Paging](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Theory/Paging.html)
* [Previous part](https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/mm/linux-mm-2.html) * [Previous part](https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/linux-mm-2.html)

30
SUMMARY.md
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@ -18,17 +18,17 @@
* [Scheduler initialization](Initialization/linux-initialization-8.md) * [Scheduler initialization](Initialization/linux-initialization-8.md)
* [RCU initialization](Initialization/linux-initialization-9.md) * [RCU initialization](Initialization/linux-initialization-9.md)
* [End of initialization](Initialization/linux-initialization-10.md) * [End of initialization](Initialization/linux-initialization-10.md)
* [Interrupts](interrupts/README.md) * [Interrupts](Interrupts/README.md)
* [Introduction](interrupts/linux-interrupts-1.md) * [Introduction](Interrupts/linux-interrupts-1.md)
* [Start to dive into interrupts](interrupts/linux-interrupts-2.md) * [Start to dive into interrupts](Interrupts/linux-interrupts-2.md)
* [Interrupt handlers](interrupts/linux-interrupts-3.md) * [Interrupt handlers](Interrupts/linux-interrupts-3.md)
* [Initialization of non-early interrupt gates](interrupts/linux-interrupts-4.md) * [Initialization of non-early interrupt gates](Interrupts/linux-interrupts-4.md)
* [Implementation of some exception handlers](interrupts/linux-interrupts-5.md) * [Implementation of some exception handlers](Interrupts/linux-interrupts-5.md)
* [Handling Non-Maskable interrupts](interrupts/linux-interrupts-6.md) * [Handling Non-Maskable interrupts](Interrupts/linux-interrupts-6.md)
* [Dive into external hardware interrupts](interrupts/linux-interrupts-7.md) * [Dive into external hardware interrupts](Interrupts/linux-interrupts-7.md)
* [Initialization of external hardware interrupts structures](interrupts/linux-interrupts-8.md) * [Initialization of external hardware interrupts structures](Interrupts/linux-interrupts-8.md)
* [Softirq, Tasklets and Workqueues](interrupts/linux-interrupts-9.md) * [Softirq, Tasklets and Workqueues](Interrupts/linux-interrupts-9.md)
* [Last part](interrupts/linux-interrupts-10.md) * [Last part](Interrupts/linux-interrupts-10.md)
* [System calls](SysCall/README.md) * [System calls](SysCall/README.md)
* [Introduction to system calls](SysCall/linux-syscall-1.md) * [Introduction to system calls](SysCall/linux-syscall-1.md)
* [How the Linux kernel handles a system call](SysCall/linux-syscall-2.md) * [How the Linux kernel handles a system call](SysCall/linux-syscall-2.md)
@ -53,10 +53,10 @@
* [SeqLock](SyncPrim/linux-sync-6.md) * [SeqLock](SyncPrim/linux-sync-6.md)
* [RCU]() * [RCU]()
* [Lockdep]() * [Lockdep]()
* [Memory management](mm/README.md) * [Memory management](MM/README.md)
* [Memblock](mm/linux-mm-1.md) * [Memblock](MM/linux-mm-1.md)
* [Fixmaps and ioremap](mm/linux-mm-2.md) * [Fixmaps and ioremap](MM/linux-mm-2.md)
* [kmemcheck](mm/linux-mm-3.md) * [kmemcheck](MM/linux-mm-3.md)
* [Cgroups](Cgroups/README.md) * [Cgroups](Cgroups/README.md)
* [Introduction to Control Groups](Cgroups/linux-cgroups-1.md) * [Introduction to Control Groups](Cgroups/linux-cgroups-1.md)
* [SMP]() * [SMP]()

4
SysCall/linux-syscall-1.md
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@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ System calls in the Linux kernel. Part 1.
Introduction Introduction
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
This post opens up a new chapter in [linux-insides](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/) book, and as you may understand from the title, this chapter will be devoted to the [System call](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_call) concept in the Linux kernel. The choice of topic for this chapter is not accidental. In the previous [chapter](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/interrupts/index.html) we saw interrupts and interrupt handling. The concept of system calls is very similar to that of interrupts. This is because the most common way to implement system calls is as software interrupts. We will see many different aspects that are related to the system call concept. For example, we will learn what's happening when a system call occurs from userspace. We will see an implementation of a couple system call handlers in the Linux kernel, [VDSO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VDSO) and [vsyscall](https://lwn.net/Articles/446528/) concepts and many many more. This post opens up a new chapter in [linux-insides](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/) book, and as you may understand from the title, this chapter will be devoted to the [System call](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_call) concept in the Linux kernel. The choice of topic for this chapter is not accidental. In the previous [chapter](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Interrupts/index.html) we saw interrupts and interrupt handling. The concept of system calls is very similar to that of interrupts. This is because the most common way to implement system calls is as software interrupts. We will see many different aspects that are related to the system call concept. For example, we will learn what's happening when a system call occurs from userspace. We will see an implementation of a couple system call handlers in the Linux kernel, [VDSO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VDSO) and [vsyscall](https://lwn.net/Articles/446528/) concepts and many many more.
Before we dive into Linux system call implementation, it is good to know some theory about system calls. Let's do it in the following paragraph. Before we dive into Linux system call implementation, it is good to know some theory about system calls. Let's do it in the following paragraph.
@ -416,4 +416,4 @@ Links
* [Virtual file system](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_file_system) * [Virtual file system](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_file_system)
* [systemd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemd) * [systemd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemd)
* [epoll](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epoll) * [epoll](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epoll)
* [Previous chapter](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/interrupts/index.html) * [Previous chapter](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Interrupts/index.html)

4
SysCall/linux-syscall-2.md
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@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ asmlinkage const sys_call_ptr_t sys_call_table[__NR_syscall_max+1] = {
After this all elements that point to the non-implemented system calls will contain the address of the `sys_ni_syscall` function that just returns `-ENOSYS` as we saw above, and other elements will point to the `sys_syscall_name` functions. After this all elements that point to the non-implemented system calls will contain the address of the `sys_ni_syscall` function that just returns `-ENOSYS` as we saw above, and other elements will point to the `sys_syscall_name` functions.
At this point, we have filled the system call table and the Linux kernel knows where each system call handler is. But the Linux kernel does not call a `sys_syscall_name` function immediately after it is instructed to handle a system call from a user space application. Remember the [chapter](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/interrupts/index.html) about interrupts and interrupt handling. When the Linux kernel gets the control to handle an interrupt, it had to do some preparations like save user space registers, switch to a new stack and many more tasks before it will call an interrupt handler. There is the same situation with the system call handling. The preparation for handling a system call is the first thing, but before the Linux kernel will start these preparations, the entry point of a system call must be initialized and only the Linux kernel knows how to perform this preparation. In the next paragraph we will see the process of the initialization of the system call entry in the Linux kernel. At this point, we have filled the system call table and the Linux kernel knows where each system call handler is. But the Linux kernel does not call a `sys_syscall_name` function immediately after it is instructed to handle a system call from a user space application. Remember the [chapter](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Interrupts/index.html) about interrupts and interrupt handling. When the Linux kernel gets the control to handle an interrupt, it had to do some preparations like save user space registers, switch to a new stack and many more tasks before it will call an interrupt handler. There is the same situation with the system call handling. The preparation for handling a system call is the first thing, but before the Linux kernel will start these preparations, the entry point of a system call must be initialized and only the Linux kernel knows how to perform this preparation. In the next paragraph we will see the process of the initialization of the system call entry in the Linux kernel.
Initialization of the system call entry Initialization of the system call entry
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ SYSCALL invokes an OS system-call handler at privilege level 0.
It does so by loading RIP from the IA32_LSTAR MSR It does so by loading RIP from the IA32_LSTAR MSR
``` ```
it means that we need to put the system call entry in to the `IA32_LSTAR` [model specific register](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model-specific_register). This operation takes place during the Linux kernel initialization process. If you have read the fourth [part](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/interrupts/interrupts-4.html) of the chapter that describes interrupts and interrupt handling in the Linux kernel, you know that the Linux kernel calls the `trap_init` function during the initialization process. This function is defined in the [arch/x86/kernel/setup.c](https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/16f73eb02d7e1765ccab3d2018e0bd98eb93d973/arch/x86/kernel/setup.c) source code file and executes the initialization of the `non-early` exception handlers like divide error, [coprocessor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coprocessor) error etc. Besides the initialization of the `non-early` exceptions handlers, this function calls the `cpu_init` function from the [arch/x86/kernel/cpu/common.c](https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/16f73eb02d7e1765ccab3d2018e0bd98eb93d973/blob/arch/x86/kernel/cpu/common.c) source code file which besides initialization of `per-cpu` state, calls the `syscall_init` function from the same source code file. it means that we need to put the system call entry in to the `IA32_LSTAR` [model specific register](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model-specific_register). This operation takes place during the Linux kernel initialization process. If you have read the fourth [part](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Interrupts/interrupts-4.html) of the chapter that describes interrupts and interrupt handling in the Linux kernel, you know that the Linux kernel calls the `trap_init` function during the initialization process. This function is defined in the [arch/x86/kernel/setup.c](https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/16f73eb02d7e1765ccab3d2018e0bd98eb93d973/arch/x86/kernel/setup.c) source code file and executes the initialization of the `non-early` exception handlers like divide error, [coprocessor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coprocessor) error etc. Besides the initialization of the `non-early` exceptions handlers, this function calls the `cpu_init` function from the [arch/x86/kernel/cpu/common.c](https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/16f73eb02d7e1765ccab3d2018e0bd98eb93d973/blob/arch/x86/kernel/cpu/common.c) source code file which besides initialization of `per-cpu` state, calls the `syscall_init` function from the same source code file.
This function performs the initialization of the system call entry point. Let's look on the implementation of this function. It does not take parameters and first of all it fills two model specific registers: This function performs the initialization of the system call entry point. Let's look on the implementation of this function. It does not take parameters and first of all it fills two model specific registers:

4
SysCall/linux-syscall-3.md
View File

@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ __vsyscall_page:
ret ret
``` ```
Let's go back to the implementation of the `map_vsyscall` function and return to the implementation of the `__vsyscall_page` later. After we received the physical address of the `__vsyscall_page`, we check the value of the `vsyscall_mode` variable and set the [fix-mapped](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/mm/linux-mm-2.html) address for the `vsyscall` page with the `__set_fixmap` macro: Let's go back to the implementation of the `map_vsyscall` function and return to the implementation of the `__vsyscall_page` later. After we received the physical address of the `__vsyscall_page`, we check the value of the `vsyscall_mode` variable and set the [fix-mapped](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/linux-mm-2.html) address for the `vsyscall` page with the `__set_fixmap` macro:
```C ```C
if (vsyscall_mode != NONE) if (vsyscall_mode != NONE)
@ -390,7 +390,7 @@ Links
* [virtual address](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_address_space) * [virtual address](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_address_space)
* [Segmentation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_segmentation) * [Segmentation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_segmentation)
* [enum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enumerated_type) * [enum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enumerated_type)
* [fix-mapped addresses](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/mm/linux-mm-2.html) * [fix-mapped addresses](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/linux-mm-2.html)
* [glibc](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_C_Library) * [glibc](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_C_Library)
* [BUILD_BUG_ON](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Initialization/linux-initialization-1.html) * [BUILD_BUG_ON](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Initialization/linux-initialization-1.html)
* [Processor register](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Processor_register) * [Processor register](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Processor_register)