diff --git a/Booting/linux-bootstrap-1.md b/Booting/linux-bootstrap-1.md index cbf1d61..bdab24b 100644 --- a/Booting/linux-bootstrap-1.md +++ b/Booting/linux-bootstrap-1.md @@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ CS selector 0xf000 CS base 0xffff0000 ``` -The processor starts working in [real mode](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_mode). Let's back up a little and try to understand memory segmentation in this mode. Real mode is supported on all x86-compatible processors, from the [8086](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_8086) all the way to the modern Intel 64-bit CPUs. The 8086 processor has a 20-bit address bus, which means that it could work with a 0-0x100000 address space (1 megabyte). But it only has 16-bit registers, which hace a maximum address of 2^16 - 1 or 0xffff (64 kilobytes). [Memory segmentation](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_segmentation) is used to make use of all the address space available. All memory is divided into small, fixed-size segments of 65536 bytes (64 KB). Since we cannot address memory above 64 KB with 16 bit registers, an alternate method is devised. An address consists of two parts: a segment selector, which has a base address, and an offset from this base address. In real mode, the associated base address of a segment selector is `Segment Selector * 16`. Thus, to get a physical address in memory, we need to multiply the segment selector part by 16 and add the offset: +The processor starts working in [real mode](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_mode). Let's back up a little and try to understand memory segmentation in this mode. Real mode is supported on all x86-compatible processors, from the [8086](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_8086) all the way to the modern Intel 64-bit CPUs. The 8086 processor has a 20-bit address bus, which means that it could work with a 0-0x100000 address space (1 megabyte). But it only has 16-bit registers, which have a maximum address of 2^16 - 1 or 0xffff (64 kilobytes). [Memory segmentation](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_segmentation) is used to make use of all the address space available. All memory is divided into small, fixed-size segments of 65536 bytes (64 KB). Since we cannot address memory above 64 KB with 16 bit registers, an alternate method is devised. An address consists of two parts: a segment selector, which has a base address, and an offset from this base address. In real mode, the associated base address of a segment selector is `Segment Selector * 16`. Thus, to get a physical address in memory, we need to multiply the segment selector part by 16 and add the offset: ``` PhysicalAddress = Segment Selector * 16 + Offset diff --git a/contributors.md b/contributors.md index 469da96..dd87f22 100644 --- a/contributors.md +++ b/contributors.md @@ -97,3 +97,4 @@ Thank you to all contributors: * [Alex Gonzalez](https://github.com/alex-gonz) * [Tim Konick](https://github.com/tijko) * [Anastas Stoyanovsky](https://github.com/anastasds) +* [Andrew Hayes](https://github.com/AndrewRussellHayes)