ELF (Executable and Linkable Format) is a standard file format for executable files and shared libraries. Linux as many UNIX-like operating systems uses this format. Let's look on structure of the ELF-64 Object File Format and some defintions in the linux kernel source code related with it.
An ELF object file consists of the following parts:
* ELF header - describes the main characteristics of the object file: type, CPU architecture, the virtual address of the entry point, the size and offset the remaining parts, etc...;
* Program header table - listing the available segments and their attributes. Program header table need loaders for placing sections of the file as virtual memory segments;
* Section header table - contains description of the sections.
It's located in the beginning of the object file. It's main point is to locate all other parts of the object file. File header contains following fields:
* ELF identification - array of bytes which helps to identify the file as an ELF object file and also provides information about general object file characteristic;
You can find `elf64_hdr` structure which presents ELF64 header in the linux kernel source code:
```C
typedef struct elf64_hdr {
unsigned char e_ident[EI_NIDENT];
Elf64_Half e_type;
Elf64_Half e_machine;
Elf64_Word e_version;
Elf64_Addr e_entry;
Elf64_Off e_phoff;
Elf64_Off e_shoff;
Elf64_Word e_flags;
Elf64_Half e_ehsize;
Elf64_Half e_phentsize;
Elf64_Half e_phnum;
Elf64_Half e_shentsize;
Elf64_Half e_shnum;
Elf64_Half e_shstrndx;
} Elf64_Ehdr;
```
This structure defined in the [elf.h](https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/master/include/uapi/linux/elf.h)
**Sections**
All data stores in a sections in an Elf object file. Sections identified by index in the section header table. Section header contains following fields:
* Section name;
* Section type;
* Section attributes;
* Virtual address in memory;
* Offset in file;
* Size of section;
* Link to other section;
* Miscellaneous information;
* Address alignment boundary;
* Size of entries, if section has table;
And presented with the following `elf64_shdr` structure in the linux kernel:
```C
typedef struct elf64_shdr {
Elf64_Word sh_name;
Elf64_Word sh_type;
Elf64_Xword sh_flags;
Elf64_Addr sh_addr;
Elf64_Off sh_offset;
Elf64_Xword sh_size;
Elf64_Word sh_link;
Elf64_Word sh_info;
Elf64_Xword sh_addralign;
Elf64_Xword sh_entsize;
} Elf64_Shdr;
```
**Program header table**
All sections are grouped into segments in an executable or shared object file. Program header is an array of structures which describe every segment. It looks like:
```C
typedef struct elf64_phdr {
Elf64_Word p_type;
Elf64_Word p_flags;
Elf64_Off p_offset;
Elf64_Addr p_vaddr;
Elf64_Addr p_paddr;
Elf64_Xword p_filesz;
Elf64_Xword p_memsz;
Elf64_Xword p_align;
} Elf64_Phdr;
```
in the linux kernel source code.
`elf64_phdr` defined in the same [elf.h](https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/master/include/uapi/linux/elf.h).
And ELF object file also contains other fields/structures which you can find in the [Documentation](http://downloads.openwatcom.org/ftp/devel/docs/elf-64-gen.pdf). Better let's look on the `vmlinux`.
`__START_KERNEL_map` is the value from documentation - `ffffffff80000000` and `__PHYSICAL_START` is `0x1000000`. That's why address of the `startup_64` is `ffffffff81000000`.
And the last we can get program headers from `vmlinux` with the following command:
```
readelf -l vmlinux
Elf file type is EXEC (Executable file)
Entry point 0x1000000
There are 5 program headers, starting at offset 64
Here we can see five segments with sections list. All of these sections you can find in the generated linker script at - `arch/x86/kernel/vmlinux.lds`.
That's all. Of course it's not a full description of ELF object format, but if you are interesting in it, you can find documentation - [here](http://downloads.openwatcom.org/ftp/devel/docs/elf-64-gen.pdf)
