diff --git a/include/backend.h b/include/backend.h
index 2f2a58f9c..7bc499e44 100644
--- a/include/backend.h
+++ b/include/backend.h
@@ -50,6 +50,9 @@ void generate_cached_kernel_amp_filename    (const u32 attack_kern, char *cache_
 
 int gidd_to_pw_t                            (hashcat_ctx_t *hashcat_ctx, hc_device_param_t *device_param, const u64 gidd, pw_t *pw);
 
+int copy_pws_idx                            (hashcat_ctx_t *hashcat_ctx, hc_device_param_t *device_param, u64 gidd, const u64 cnt, pw_idx_t *dest);
+int copy_pws_comp                           (hashcat_ctx_t *hashcat_ctx, hc_device_param_t *device_param, u32 off, u32 cnt, u32 *dest);
+
 int choose_kernel                           (hashcat_ctx_t *hashcat_ctx, hc_device_param_t *device_param, const u32 highest_pw_len, const u64 pws_pos, const u64 pws_cnt, const u32 fast_iteration, const u32 salt_pos);
 
 int run_cuda_kernel_atinit                  (hashcat_ctx_t *hashcat_ctx, hc_device_param_t *device_param, CUdeviceptr buf, const u64 num);
diff --git a/src/backend.c b/src/backend.c
index a6dfbcdb8..9da4ede0e 100644
--- a/src/backend.c
+++ b/src/backend.c
@@ -860,6 +860,86 @@ int gidd_to_pw_t (hashcat_ctx_t *hashcat_ctx, hc_device_param_t *device_param, c
   return 0;
 }
 
+int copy_pws_idx (hashcat_ctx_t *hashcat_ctx, hc_device_param_t *device_param, u64 gidd, const u64 cnt, pw_idx_t *dest)
+{
+  if (device_param->is_cuda == true)
+  {
+    if (hc_cuCtxPushCurrent (hashcat_ctx, device_param->cuda_context) == -1) return -1;
+
+    if (hc_cuMemcpyDtoHAsync (hashcat_ctx, dest, device_param->cuda_d_pws_idx + (gidd * sizeof (pw_idx_t)), (cnt * sizeof (pw_idx_t)), device_param->cuda_stream) == -1) return -1;
+
+    if (hc_cuStreamSynchronize (hashcat_ctx, device_param->cuda_stream) == -1) return -1;
+
+    if (hc_cuCtxPopCurrent (hashcat_ctx, &device_param->cuda_context) == -1) return -1;
+  }
+
+  if (device_param->is_hip == true)
+  {
+    if (hc_hipCtxPushCurrent (hashcat_ctx, device_param->hip_context) == -1) return -1;
+
+    if (hc_hipMemcpyDtoHAsync (hashcat_ctx, dest, device_param->hip_d_pws_idx + (gidd * sizeof (pw_idx_t)), (cnt * sizeof (pw_idx_t)), device_param->hip_stream) == -1) return -1;
+
+    if (hc_hipStreamSynchronize (hashcat_ctx, device_param->hip_stream) == -1) return -1;
+
+    if (hc_hipCtxPopCurrent (hashcat_ctx, &device_param->hip_context) == -1) return -1;
+  }
+
+  #if defined (__APPLE__)
+  if (device_param->is_metal == true)
+  {
+    if (hc_mtlMemcpyDtoH (hashcat_ctx, device_param->metal_command_queue, dest, device_param->metal_d_pws_idx, gidd * sizeof (pw_idx_t), (cnt * sizeof (pw_idx_t))) == -1) return -1;
+  }
+  #endif
+
+  if (device_param->is_opencl == true)
+  {
+    /* blocking */
+    if (hc_clEnqueueReadBuffer (hashcat_ctx, device_param->opencl_command_queue, device_param->opencl_d_pws_idx, CL_TRUE, gidd * sizeof (pw_idx_t), (cnt * sizeof (pw_idx_t)), dest, 0, NULL, NULL) == -1) return -1;
+  }
+
+  return 0;
+}
+
+int copy_pws_comp (hashcat_ctx_t *hashcat_ctx, hc_device_param_t *device_param, u32 off, u32 cnt, u32 *dest)
+{
+  if (device_param->is_cuda == true)
+  {
+    if (hc_cuCtxPushCurrent (hashcat_ctx, device_param->cuda_context) == -1) return -1;
+
+    if (hc_cuMemcpyDtoHAsync (hashcat_ctx, dest, device_param->cuda_d_pws_comp_buf + (off * sizeof (u32)), cnt * sizeof (u32), device_param->cuda_stream) == -1) return -1;
+
+    if (hc_cuStreamSynchronize (hashcat_ctx, device_param->cuda_stream) == -1) return -1;
+
+    if (hc_cuCtxPopCurrent (hashcat_ctx, &device_param->cuda_context) == -1) return -1;
+  }
+
+  if (device_param->is_hip == true)
+  {
+    if (hc_hipCtxPushCurrent (hashcat_ctx, device_param->hip_context) == -1) return -1;
+
+    if (hc_hipMemcpyDtoHAsync (hashcat_ctx, dest, device_param->hip_d_pws_comp_buf + (off * sizeof (u32)), cnt * sizeof (u32), device_param->hip_stream) == -1) return -1;
+
+    if (hc_hipStreamSynchronize (hashcat_ctx, device_param->hip_stream) == -1) return -1;
+
+    if (hc_hipCtxPopCurrent (hashcat_ctx, &device_param->hip_context) == -1) return -1;
+  }
+
+  #if defined (__APPLE__)
+  if (device_param->is_metal == true)
+  {
+    if (hc_mtlMemcpyDtoH (hashcat_ctx, device_param->metal_command_queue, dest, device_param->metal_d_pws_comp_buf, off * sizeof (u32), cnt * sizeof (u32)) == -1) return -1;
+  }
+  #endif
+
+  if (device_param->is_opencl == true)
+  {
+    /* blocking */
+    if (hc_clEnqueueReadBuffer (hashcat_ctx, device_param->opencl_command_queue, device_param->opencl_d_pws_comp_buf, CL_TRUE, off * sizeof (u32), cnt * sizeof (u32), dest, 0, NULL, NULL) == -1) return -1;
+  }
+
+  return 0;
+}
+
 int choose_kernel (hashcat_ctx_t *hashcat_ctx, hc_device_param_t *device_param, const u32 highest_pw_len, const u64 pws_pos, const u64 pws_cnt, const u32 fast_iteration, const u32 salt_pos)
 {
   hashconfig_t   *hashconfig   = hashcat_ctx->hashconfig;
diff --git a/src/stdout.c b/src/stdout.c
index 343009a3b..b9e11c6a6 100644
--- a/src/stdout.c
+++ b/src/stdout.c
@@ -104,97 +104,9 @@ int process_stdout (hashcat_ctx_t *hashcat_ctx, hc_device_param_t *device_param,
 
   const u32 il_cnt = device_param->kernel_param.il_cnt; // ugly, i know
 
-  if ((user_options->attack_mode == ATTACK_MODE_STRAIGHT) || (user_options->attack_mode == ATTACK_MODE_ASSOCIATION))
-  {
-    pw_t pw;
+  int rc = 0;
 
-    for (u64 gidvid = 0; gidvid < pws_cnt; gidvid++)
-    {
-      const int rc = gidd_to_pw_t (hashcat_ctx, device_param, gidvid, &pw);
-
-      if (rc == -1)
-      {
-        if (filename) hc_fclose (&out.fp);
-
-        return -1;
-      }
-
-      for (u32 il_pos = 0; il_pos < il_cnt; il_pos++)
-      {
-        const u32 off = device_param->innerloop_pos + il_pos;
-
-        if (hashconfig->opti_type & OPTI_TYPE_OPTIMIZED_KERNEL)
-        {
-          for (int i = 0; i < 8; i++)
-          {
-            plain_buf[i] = pw.i[i];
-          }
-
-          plain_len = apply_rules_optimized (straight_ctx->kernel_rules_buf[off].cmds, &plain_buf[0], &plain_buf[4], pw.pw_len);
-        }
-        else
-        {
-          for (int i = 0; i < 64; i++)
-          {
-            plain_buf[i] = pw.i[i];
-          }
-
-          plain_len = apply_rules (straight_ctx->kernel_rules_buf[off].cmds, plain_buf, pw.pw_len);
-        }
-
-        if (plain_len > hashconfig->pw_max) plain_len = hashconfig->pw_max;
-
-        out_push (&out, plain_ptr, plain_len);
-      }
-    }
-  }
-  else if (user_options->attack_mode == ATTACK_MODE_COMBI)
-  {
-    pw_t pw;
-
-    for (u64 gidvid = 0; gidvid < pws_cnt; gidvid++)
-    {
-      const int rc = gidd_to_pw_t (hashcat_ctx, device_param, gidvid, &pw);
-
-      if (rc == -1)
-      {
-        if (filename) hc_fclose (&out.fp);
-
-        return -1;
-      }
-
-      for (u32 il_pos = 0; il_pos < il_cnt; il_pos++)
-      {
-        for (int i = 0; i < 64; i++)
-        {
-          plain_buf[i] = pw.i[i];
-        }
-
-        plain_len = pw.pw_len;
-
-        char *comb_buf = (char *) device_param->combs_buf[il_pos].i;
-        u32   comb_len =          device_param->combs_buf[il_pos].pw_len;
-
-        if (combinator_ctx->combs_mode == COMBINATOR_MODE_BASE_LEFT)
-        {
-          memcpy (plain_ptr + plain_len, comb_buf, comb_len);
-        }
-        else
-        {
-          memmove (plain_ptr + comb_len, plain_ptr, plain_len);
-
-          memcpy (plain_ptr, comb_buf, comb_len);
-        }
-
-        plain_len += comb_len;
-
-        if (plain_len > hashconfig->pw_max) plain_len = hashconfig->pw_max;
-
-        out_push (&out, plain_ptr, plain_len);
-      }
-    }
-  }
-  else if (user_options->attack_mode == ATTACK_MODE_BF)
+  if (user_options->attack_mode == ATTACK_MODE_BF)
   {
     for (u64 gidvid = 0; gidvid < pws_cnt; gidvid++)
     {
@@ -218,58 +130,10 @@ int process_stdout (hashcat_ctx_t *hashcat_ctx, hc_device_param_t *device_param,
       }
     }
   }
-  else if (user_options->attack_mode == ATTACK_MODE_HYBRID1)
-  {
-    pw_t pw;
-
-    for (u64 gidvid = 0; gidvid < pws_cnt; gidvid++)
-    {
-      const int rc = gidd_to_pw_t (hashcat_ctx, device_param, gidvid, &pw);
-
-      if (rc == -1)
-      {
-        if (filename) hc_fclose (&out.fp);
-
-        return -1;
-      }
-
-      for (u32 il_pos = 0; il_pos < il_cnt; il_pos++)
-      {
-        for (int i = 0; i < 64; i++)
-        {
-          plain_buf[i] = pw.i[i];
-        }
-
-        plain_len = pw.pw_len;
-
-        u64 off = device_param->kernel_params_mp_buf64[3] + il_pos;
-
-        u32 start = 0;
-        u32 stop  = device_param->kernel_params_mp_buf32[4];
-
-        sp_exec (off, (char *) plain_ptr + plain_len, mask_ctx->root_css_buf, mask_ctx->markov_css_buf, start, start + stop);
-
-        plain_len += start + stop;
-
-        out_push (&out, plain_ptr, plain_len);
-      }
-    }
-  }
   else if (user_options->attack_mode == ATTACK_MODE_HYBRID2)
   {
-    pw_t pw;
-
     for (u64 gidvid = 0; gidvid < pws_cnt; gidvid++)
     {
-      const int rc = gidd_to_pw_t (hashcat_ctx, device_param, gidvid, &pw);
-
-      if (rc == -1)
-      {
-        if (filename) hc_fclose (&out.fp);
-
-        return -1;
-      }
-
       for (u32 il_pos = 0; il_pos < il_cnt; il_pos++)
       {
         u64 off = device_param->kernel_params_mp_buf64[3] + gidvid;
@@ -294,6 +158,154 @@ int process_stdout (hashcat_ctx_t *hashcat_ctx, hc_device_param_t *device_param,
       }
     }
   }
+  else
+  {
+    // modes below require transferring pw index/buffer data from device to host
+
+    const u64 blk_cnt_max = device_param->size_pws_idx / (sizeof (pw_idx_t));
+
+    pw_idx_t *const pws_idx_blk  = device_param->pws_idx;
+    u32      *const pws_comp_blk = device_param->pws_comp;
+
+    u64 gidvid_blk = 0; // gidvid of first password in current block
+
+    while (gidvid_blk < pws_cnt)
+    {
+      // copy the pw indexes from device for this block
+
+      u64 remain  = pws_cnt - gidvid_blk;
+      u64 blk_cnt = MIN (remain, blk_cnt_max);
+
+      rc = copy_pws_idx (hashcat_ctx, device_param, gidvid_blk, blk_cnt, pws_idx_blk);
+
+      if (rc == -1) break;
+
+      const u32 off_blk = (blk_cnt > 0) ? pws_idx_blk[0].off : 0;
+
+      const pw_idx_t *pw_idx      = device_param->pws_idx;
+      const pw_idx_t *pw_idx_last = pw_idx + (blk_cnt - 1);
+
+      // copy the pw buffer data from device for this block
+
+      u32 copy_cnt = (pw_idx_last->off + pw_idx_last->cnt) - pws_idx_blk->off;
+
+      rc = copy_pws_comp (hashcat_ctx, device_param, off_blk, copy_cnt, pws_comp_blk);
+
+      if (rc == -1) break;
+
+      if ((user_options->attack_mode == ATTACK_MODE_STRAIGHT) || (user_options->attack_mode == ATTACK_MODE_ASSOCIATION))
+      {
+        while (pw_idx <= pw_idx_last)
+        {
+          u32 *pw     = pws_comp_blk + (pw_idx->off - off_blk);
+          u32  pw_len = pw_idx->len;
+
+          pw_idx++;
+
+          for (u32 il_pos = 0; il_pos < il_cnt; il_pos++)
+          {
+            const u32 off = device_param->innerloop_pos + il_pos;
+
+            if (hashconfig->opti_type & OPTI_TYPE_OPTIMIZED_KERNEL)
+            {
+              for (int i = 0; i < 8; i++)
+              {
+                plain_buf[i] = pw[i];
+              }
+
+              plain_len = apply_rules_optimized (straight_ctx->kernel_rules_buf[off].cmds, &plain_buf[0], &plain_buf[4], pw_len);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+              for (int i = 0; i < 64; i++)
+              {
+                plain_buf[i] = pw[i];
+              }
+
+              plain_len = apply_rules (straight_ctx->kernel_rules_buf[off].cmds, plain_buf, pw_len);
+            }
+
+            if (plain_len > hashconfig->pw_max) plain_len = hashconfig->pw_max;
+
+            out_push (&out, plain_ptr, plain_len);
+          }
+        }
+      }
+      else if (user_options->attack_mode == ATTACK_MODE_COMBI)
+      {
+        while (pw_idx <= pw_idx_last)
+        {
+          u32 *pw     = pws_comp_blk + (pw_idx->off - off_blk);
+          u32  pw_len = pw_idx->len;
+
+          pw_idx++;
+
+          for (u32 il_pos = 0; il_pos < il_cnt; il_pos++)
+          {
+            for (int i = 0; i < 64; i++)
+            {
+              plain_buf[i] = pw[i];
+            }
+
+            plain_len = pw_len;
+
+            char *comb_buf = (char *) device_param->combs_buf[il_pos].i;
+            u32   comb_len =          device_param->combs_buf[il_pos].pw_len;
+
+            if (combinator_ctx->combs_mode == COMBINATOR_MODE_BASE_LEFT)
+            {
+              memcpy (plain_ptr + plain_len, comb_buf, comb_len);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+              memmove (plain_ptr + comb_len, plain_ptr, plain_len);
+
+              memcpy (plain_ptr, comb_buf, comb_len);
+            }
+
+            plain_len += comb_len;
+
+            if (plain_len > hashconfig->pw_max) plain_len = hashconfig->pw_max;
+
+            out_push (&out, plain_ptr, plain_len);
+          }
+        }
+      }
+      else if (user_options->attack_mode == ATTACK_MODE_HYBRID1)
+      {
+        while (pw_idx <= pw_idx_last)
+        {
+          u32 *pw     = pws_comp_blk + (pw_idx->off - off_blk);
+          u32  pw_len = pw_idx->len;
+
+          pw_idx++;
+
+          for (u32 il_pos = 0; il_pos < il_cnt; il_pos++)
+          {
+            for (int i = 0; i < 64; i++)
+            {
+              plain_buf[i] = pw[i];
+            }
+
+            plain_len = pw_len;
+
+            u64 off = device_param->kernel_params_mp_buf64[3] + il_pos;
+
+            u32 start = 0;
+            u32 stop  = device_param->kernel_params_mp_buf32[4];
+
+            sp_exec (off, (char *) plain_ptr + plain_len, mask_ctx->root_css_buf, mask_ctx->markov_css_buf, start, start + stop);
+
+            plain_len += start + stop;
+
+            out_push (&out, plain_ptr, plain_len);
+          }
+        }
+      }
+
+      gidvid_blk += blk_cnt; // prepare for next block
+    }
+  }
 
   out_flush (&out);
 
@@ -304,5 +316,5 @@ int process_stdout (hashcat_ctx_t *hashcat_ctx, hc_device_param_t *device_param,
     hc_fclose (&out.fp);
   }
 
-  return 0;
+  return rc;
 }