gns3-server/gns3server/modules/iou/iou_vm.py

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
#
# Copyright (C) 2015 GNS3 Technologies Inc.
#
# This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
# the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
# (at your option) any later version.
#
# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
# GNU General Public License for more details.
#
# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
# along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.

"""
IOU VM management (creates command line, processes, files etc.) in
order to run an IOU VM.
"""

import os
import signal
import socket
import re
import asyncio
import subprocess
import shutil
import argparse
import threading
import configparser
import struct
import hashlib
import glob
import binascii
import functools

from .iou_error import IOUError
from ..adapters.ethernet_adapter import EthernetAdapter
from ..adapters.serial_adapter import SerialAdapter
from ..nios.nio_udp import NIOUDP
from ..nios.nio_tap import NIOTAP
from ..nios.nio_generic_ethernet import NIOGenericEthernet
from ..base_vm import BaseVM
from .utils.iou_import import nvram_import
from .utils.iou_export import nvram_export
from .ioucon import start_ioucon
import gns3server.utils.asyncio
import gns3server.utils.images


import logging
import sys
log = logging.getLogger(__name__)


class IOUVM(BaseVM):
    module_name = 'iou'

    """
    IOU VM implementation.

    :param name: IOU VM name
    :param vm_id: IOU VM identifier
    :param project: Project instance
    :param manager: Manager instance
    :param console: TCP console port
    """

    def __init__(self, name, vm_id, project, manager, console=None):

        super().__init__(name, vm_id, project, manager, console=console)

        self._iouyap_process = None
        self._iou_process = None
        self._iou_stdout_file = ""
        self._started = False
        self._path = None
        self._ioucon_thread = None

        # IOU settings
        self._ethernet_adapters = []
        self._serial_adapters = []
        self.ethernet_adapters = 2  # one adapter = 4 interfaces
        self.serial_adapters = 2  # one adapter = 4 interfaces
        self._use_default_iou_values = True  # for RAM & NVRAM values
        self._nvram = 128  # Kilobytes
        self._startup_config = ""
        self._private_config = ""
        self._ram = 256  # Megabytes
        self._l1_keepalives = False  # used to overcome the always-up Ethernet interfaces (not supported by all IOSes).

    @asyncio.coroutine
    def close(self):
        """
        Closes this IOU VM.
        """

        if not (yield from super().close()):
            return False

        adapters = self._ethernet_adapters + self._serial_adapters
        for adapter in adapters:
            if adapter is not None:
                for nio in adapter.ports.values():
                    if nio and isinstance(nio, NIOUDP):
                        self.manager.port_manager.release_udp_port(nio.lport, self._project)

        yield from self.stop()

    @property
    def path(self):
        """
        Path of the IOU executable.

        :returns: path to the IOU image executable
        """

        return self._path

    @path.setter
    def path(self, path):
        """
        Path of the IOU executable.

        :param path: path to the IOU image executable
        """

        self._path = self.manager.get_abs_image_path(path)

        # In 1.2 users uploaded images to the images roots
        # after the migration their images are inside images/IOU
        # but old topologies use old path
        if "IOU" not in self._path:
            location, filename = os.path.split(self._path)
            fix_path = os.path.join(location, "IOU", filename)
            if os.path.isfile(fix_path):
                self._path = fix_path

    @property
    def use_default_iou_values(self):
        """
        Returns if this device uses the default IOU image values.

        :returns: boolean
        """

        return self._use_default_iou_values

    @use_default_iou_values.setter
    def use_default_iou_values(self, state):
        """
        Sets if this device uses the default IOU image values.

        :param state: boolean
        """

        self._use_default_iou_values = state
        if state:
            log.info('IOU "{name}" [{id}]: uses the default IOU image values'.format(name=self._name, id=self._id))
        else:
            log.info('IOU "{name}" [{id}]: does not use the default IOU image values'.format(name=self._name, id=self._id))

    def _check_requirements(self):
        """
        Checks if IOUYAP executable is available and if image is accessible.
        """

        if not os.path.isfile(self._path) or not os.path.exists(self._path):
            if os.path.islink(self._path):
                raise IOUError("IOU image '{}' linked to '{}' is not accessible".format(self._path, os.path.realpath(self._path)))
            else:
                raise IOUError("IOU image '{}' is not accessible".format(self._path))

        try:
            with open(self._path, "rb") as f:
                # read the first 7 bytes of the file.
                elf_header_start = f.read(7)
        except OSError as e:
            raise IOUError("Cannot read ELF header for IOU image '{}': {}".format(self._path, e))

        # IOU images must start with the ELF magic number, be 32-bit, little endian
        # and have an ELF version of 1 normal IOS image are big endian!
        if elf_header_start != b'\x7fELF\x01\x01\x01':
            raise IOUError("'{}' is not a valid IOU image".format(self._path))

        if not os.access(self._path, os.X_OK):
            raise IOUError("IOU image '{}' is not executable".format(self._path))

        path = self.iouyap_path
        if not path:
            raise IOUError("No path to iouyap program has been set")

        if not os.path.isfile(path):
            raise IOUError("iouyap program '{}' is not accessible".format(path))

        if not os.access(path, os.X_OK):
            raise IOUError("iouyap program '{}' is not executable".format(path))

    def __json__(self):

        iou_vm_info = {"name": self.name,
                       "vm_id": self.id,
                       "vm_directory": self.working_dir,
                       "console": self._console,
                       "project_id": self.project.id,
                       "path": self.path,
                       "md5sum": gns3server.utils.images.md5sum(self.path),
                       "ethernet_adapters": len(self._ethernet_adapters),
                       "serial_adapters": len(self._serial_adapters),
                       "ram": self._ram,
                       "nvram": self._nvram,
                       "l1_keepalives": self._l1_keepalives,
                       "startup_config": self.relative_startup_config_file,
                       "private_config": self.relative_private_config_file,
                       "iourc_path": self.iourc_path,
                       "use_default_iou_values": self._use_default_iou_values,
                       "command_line": self.command_line}

        # return the relative path if the IOU image is in the images_path directory
        iou_vm_info["path"] = self.manager.get_relative_image_path(self.path)
        return iou_vm_info

    @property
    def iouyap_path(self):
        """
        Returns the IOUYAP executable path.

        :returns: path to IOUYAP
        """

        path = self._manager.config.get_section_config("IOU").get("iouyap_path", "iouyap")
        if path == "iouyap":
            path = shutil.which("iouyap")
        return path

    @property
    def iourc_path(self):
        """
        Returns the IOURC file path.

        :returns: path to IOURC
        """

        iourc_path = self._manager.config.get_section_config("IOU").get("iourc_path")
        if not iourc_path:
            # look for the iourc file in the user home dir.
            path = os.path.join(os.path.expanduser("~/"), ".iourc")
            if os.path.exists(path):
                return path
            # look for the iourc file in the current working dir.
            path = os.path.join(self.working_dir, "iourc")
            if os.path.exists(path):
                return path
            # look for the iourc file in the temporary  dir.
            path = os.path.join(self.temporary_directory, "iourc")
            if os.path.exists(path):
                return path
        return iourc_path

    @property
    def ram(self):
        """
        Returns the amount of RAM allocated to this IOU VM.

        :returns: amount of RAM in MBytes (integer)
        """

        return self._ram

    @ram.setter
    def ram(self, ram):
        """
        Sets amount of RAM allocated to this IOU instance.

        :param ram: amount of RAM in MBytes (integer)
        """

        if self._ram == ram:
            return

        log.info('IOU "{name}" [{id}]: RAM updated from {old_ram}MB to {new_ram}MB'.format(name=self._name,
                                                                                           id=self._id,
                                                                                           old_ram=self._ram,
                                                                                           new_ram=ram))

        self._ram = ram

    @property
    def nvram(self):
        """
        Returns the mount of NVRAM allocated to this IOU instance.

        :returns: amount of NVRAM in KBytes (integer)
        """

        return self._nvram

    @nvram.setter
    def nvram(self, nvram):
        """
        Sets amount of NVRAM allocated to this IOU instance.

        :param nvram: amount of NVRAM in KBytes (integer)
        """

        if self._nvram == nvram:
            return

        log.info('IOU "{name}" [{id}]: NVRAM updated from {old_nvram}KB to {new_nvram}KB'.format(name=self._name,
                                                                                                 id=self._id,
                                                                                                 old_nvram=self._nvram,
                                                                                                 new_nvram=nvram))
        self._nvram = nvram

    @BaseVM.name.setter
    def name(self, new_name):
        """
        Sets the name of this IOU VM.

        :param new_name: name
        """

        if self.startup_config_file:
            content = self.startup_config_content
            content = content.replace(self._name, new_name)
            self.startup_config_content = content

        super(IOUVM, IOUVM).name.__set__(self, new_name)

    @property
    def application_id(self):

        return self._manager.get_application_id(self.id)

    @property
    def iourc_content(self):

        try:
            with open(os.path.join(self.temporary_directory, "iourc"), "rb") as f:
                return f.read().decode("utf-8")
        except OSError:
            return None

    @iourc_content.setter
    def iourc_content(self, value):

        if value is not None:
            path = os.path.join(self.temporary_directory, "iourc")
            try:
                with open(path, "wb+") as f:
                    f.write(value.encode("utf-8"))
            except OSError as e:
                raise IOUError("Could not write the iourc file {}: {}".format(path, e))

    @asyncio.coroutine
    def _library_check(self):
        """
        Checks for missing shared library dependencies in the IOU image.
        """

        try:
            output = yield from gns3server.utils.asyncio.subprocess_check_output("ldd", self._path)
        except (FileNotFoundError, subprocess.SubprocessError) as e:
            log.warn("Could not determine the shared library dependencies for {}: {}".format(self._path, e))
            return

        p = re.compile("([\.\w]+)\s=>\s+not found")
        missing_libs = p.findall(output)
        if missing_libs:
            raise IOUError("The following shared library dependencies cannot be found for IOU image {}: {}".format(self._path,
                                                                                                                   ", ".join(missing_libs)))

    @asyncio.coroutine
    def _check_iou_licence(self):
        """
        Checks for a valid IOU key in the iourc file (paranoid mode).
        """

        license_check = self._manager.config.get_section_config("IOU").getboolean("license_check", True)
        if license_check is False:
            return

        config = configparser.ConfigParser()
        try:
            with open(self.iourc_path, encoding="utf-8") as f:
                config.read_file(f)
        except OSError as e:
            raise IOUError("Could not open iourc file {}: {}".format(self.iourc_path, e))
        except configparser.Error as e:
            raise IOUError("Could not parse iourc file {}: {}".format(self.iourc_path, e))
        except UnicodeDecodeError as e:
            raise IOUError("Non ascii characters in iourc file {}, please remove them: {}".format(self.iourc_path, e))
        if "license" not in config:
            raise IOUError("License section not found in iourc file {}".format(self.iourc_path))
        hostname = socket.gethostname()
        if hostname not in config["license"]:
            raise IOUError("Hostname \"{}\" not found in iourc file {}".format(hostname, self.iourc_path))
        user_ioukey = config["license"][hostname]
        if user_ioukey[-1:] != ';':
            raise IOUError("IOU key not ending with ; in iourc file {}".format(self.iourc_path))
        if len(user_ioukey) != 17:
            raise IOUError("IOU key length is not 16 characters in iourc file {}".format(self.iourc_path))
        user_ioukey = user_ioukey[:16]

        # We can't test this because it's mean distributing a valid licence key
        # in tests or generating one
        if not hasattr(sys, "_called_from_test"):
            try:
                hostid = (yield from gns3server.utils.asyncio.subprocess_check_output("hostid")).strip()
            except FileNotFoundError as e:
                raise IOUError("Could not find hostid: {}".format(e))
            except subprocess.SubprocessError as e:
                raise IOUError("Could not execute hostid: {}".format(e))

            try:
                ioukey = int(hostid, 16)
            except ValueError:
                raise IOUError("Invalid hostid detected: {}".format(hostid))
            for x in hostname:
                ioukey += ord(x)
            pad1 = b'\x4B\x58\x21\x81\x56\x7B\x0D\xF3\x21\x43\x9B\x7E\xAC\x1D\xE6\x8A'
            pad2 = b'\x80' + 39 * b'\0'
            ioukey = hashlib.md5(pad1 + pad2 + struct.pack('!I', ioukey) + pad1).hexdigest()[:16]
            if ioukey != user_ioukey:
                raise IOUError("Invalid IOU license key {} detected in iourc file {} for host {}".format(user_ioukey,
                                                                                                         self.iourc_path,
                                                                                                         hostname))

    def _push_configs_to_nvram(self):
        """
        Push the startup-config and private-config content to the NVRAM.
        """

        startup_config_content = self.startup_config_content
        if startup_config_content:
            nvram_file = os.path.join(self.working_dir, "nvram_{:05d}".format(self.application_id))
            try:
                if not os.path.exists(nvram_file):
                    open(nvram_file, "a").close()
                    nvram_content = None
                else:
                    with open(nvram_file, "rb") as file:
                        nvram_content = file.read()
            except OSError as e:
                raise IOUError("Cannot read nvram file {}: {}".format(nvram_file, e))

            startup_config_content = startup_config_content.encode("utf-8")
            private_config_content = self.private_config_content
            if private_config_content is not None:
                private_config_content = private_config_content.encode("utf-8")
            try:
                nvram_content = nvram_import(nvram_content, startup_config_content, private_config_content, self.nvram)
            except ValueError as e:
                raise IOUError("Cannot push configs to nvram {}: {}".format(nvram_file, e))
            try:
                with open(nvram_file, "wb") as file:
                    file.write(nvram_content)
            except OSError as e:
                raise IOUError("Cannot write nvram file {}: {}".format(nvram_file, e))

    @asyncio.coroutine
    def start(self):
        """
        Starts the IOU process.
        """

        self._check_requirements()
        if not self.is_running():

            yield from self._library_check()

            try:
                self._rename_nvram_file()
            except OSError as e:
                raise IOUError("Could not rename nvram files: {}".format(e))

            iourc_path = self.iourc_path
            if not iourc_path:
                raise IOUError("Could not find an iourc file (IOU license)")
            if not os.path.isfile(iourc_path):
                raise IOUError("The iourc path '{}' is not a regular file".format(iourc_path))

            yield from self._check_iou_licence()
            iouyap_path = self.iouyap_path
            if not iouyap_path or not os.path.isfile(iouyap_path):
                raise IOUError("iouyap is necessary to start IOU")

            self._create_netmap_config()
            self._push_configs_to_nvram()

            # check if there is enough RAM to run
            self.check_available_ram(self.ram)

            # created a environment variable pointing to the iourc file.
            env = os.environ.copy()

            if "IOURC" not in os.environ:
                env["IOURC"] = iourc_path
            command = yield from self._build_command()
            try:
                log.info("Starting IOU: {}".format(command))
                self._iou_stdout_file = os.path.join(self.working_dir, "iou.log")
                log.info("Logging to {}".format(self._iou_stdout_file))
                with open(self._iou_stdout_file, "w", encoding="utf-8") as fd:
                    self.command_line = ' '.join(command)
                    self._iou_process = yield from asyncio.create_subprocess_exec(*command,
                                                                                  stdout=fd,
                                                                                  stderr=subprocess.STDOUT,
                                                                                  cwd=self.working_dir,
                                                                                  env=env)
                log.info("IOU instance {} started PID={}".format(self._id, self._iou_process.pid))
                self._started = True
                self.status = "started"
                callback = functools.partial(self._termination_callback, "IOU")
                gns3server.utils.asyncio.monitor_process(self._iou_process, callback)
            except FileNotFoundError as e:
                raise IOUError("Could not start IOU: {}: 32-bit binary support is probably not installed".format(e))
            except (OSError, subprocess.SubprocessError) as e:
                iou_stdout = self.read_iou_stdout()
                log.error("Could not start IOU {}: {}\n{}".format(self._path, e, iou_stdout))
                raise IOUError("Could not start IOU {}: {}\n{}".format(self._path, e, iou_stdout))

            # start console support
            self._start_ioucon()
            # connections support
            yield from self._start_iouyap()

    def _termination_callback(self, process_name, returncode):
        """
        Called when the process has stopped.

        :param returncode: Process returncode
        """

        log.info("{} process has stopped, return code: {}".format(process_name, returncode))
        self._terminate_process_iou()
        self._terminate_process_iouyap()
        self._ioucon_thread_stop_event.set()
        if returncode != 0:
            self.project.emit("log.error", {"message": "{} process has stopped, return code: {}\n{}".format(process_name,
                                                                                                            returncode,
                                                                                                            self.read_iou_stdout())})

    def _rename_nvram_file(self):
        """
        Before starting the VM, rename the nvram and vlan.dat files with the correct IOU application identifier.
        """

        destination = os.path.join(self.working_dir, "nvram_{:05d}".format(self.application_id))
        for file_path in glob.glob(os.path.join(glob.escape(self.working_dir), "nvram_*")):
            shutil.move(file_path, destination)
        destination = os.path.join(self.working_dir, "vlan.dat-{:05d}".format(self.application_id))
        for file_path in glob.glob(os.path.join(glob.escape(self.working_dir), "vlan.dat-*")):
            shutil.move(file_path, destination)

    @asyncio.coroutine
    def _start_iouyap(self):
        """
        Starts iouyap (handles connections to and from this IOU VM).
        """

        try:
            self._update_iouyap_config()
            command = [self.iouyap_path, "-q", str(self.application_id + 512)]  # iouyap has always IOU ID + 512
            log.info("starting iouyap: {}".format(command))
            self._iouyap_stdout_file = os.path.join(self.working_dir, "iouyap.log")
            log.info("logging to {}".format(self._iouyap_stdout_file))
            with open(self._iouyap_stdout_file, "w", encoding="utf-8") as fd:
                self._iouyap_process = yield from asyncio.create_subprocess_exec(*command,
                                                                                 stdout=fd,
                                                                                 stderr=subprocess.STDOUT,
                                                                                 cwd=self.working_dir)

                callback = functools.partial(self._termination_callback, "iouyap")
                gns3server.utils.asyncio.monitor_process(self._iouyap_process, callback)
            log.info("iouyap started PID={}".format(self._iouyap_process.pid))
        except (OSError, subprocess.SubprocessError) as e:
            iouyap_stdout = self.read_iouyap_stdout()
            log.error("Could not start iouyap: {}\n{}".format(e, iouyap_stdout))
            raise IOUError("Could not start iouyap: {}\n{}".format(e, iouyap_stdout))

    def _update_iouyap_config(self):
        """
        Updates the iouyap.ini file.
        """

        iouyap_ini = os.path.join(self.working_dir, "iouyap.ini")

        config = configparser.ConfigParser()
        config["default"] = {"netmap": "NETMAP",
                             "base_port": "49000"}

        bay_id = 0
        for adapter in self._adapters:
            unit_id = 0
            for unit in adapter.ports.keys():
                nio = adapter.get_nio(unit)
                if nio:
                    connection = None
                    if isinstance(nio, NIOUDP):
                        # UDP tunnel
                        connection = {"tunnel_udp": "{lport}:{rhost}:{rport}".format(lport=nio.lport,
                                                                                     rhost=nio.rhost,
                                                                                     rport=nio.rport)}
                    elif isinstance(nio, NIOTAP):
                        # TAP interface
                        connection = {"tap_dev": "{tap_device}".format(tap_device=nio.tap_device)}

                    elif isinstance(nio, NIOGenericEthernet):
                        # Ethernet interface
                        connection = {"eth_dev": "{ethernet_device}".format(ethernet_device=nio.ethernet_device)}

                    if connection:
                        interface = "{iouyap_id}:{bay}/{unit}".format(iouyap_id=str(self.application_id + 512), bay=bay_id, unit=unit_id)
                        config[interface] = connection

                        if nio.capturing:
                            pcap_data_link_type = nio.pcap_data_link_type.upper()
                            if pcap_data_link_type == "DLT_PPP_SERIAL":
                                pcap_protocol = "ppp"
                            elif pcap_data_link_type == "DLT_C_HDLC":
                                pcap_protocol = "hdlc"
                            elif pcap_data_link_type == "DLT_FRELAY":
                                pcap_protocol = "fr"
                            else:
                                pcap_protocol = "ethernet"
                            capture_info = {"pcap_file": "{pcap_file}".format(pcap_file=nio.pcap_output_file),
                                            "pcap_protocol": pcap_protocol,
                                            "pcap_overwrite": "y"}
                            config[interface].update(capture_info)

                unit_id += 1
            bay_id += 1

        try:
            with open(iouyap_ini, "w", encoding="utf-8") as config_file:
                config.write(config_file)
            log.info("IOU {name} [id={id}]: iouyap.ini updated".format(name=self._name,
                                                                       id=self._id))
        except OSError as e:
            raise IOUError("Could not create {}: {}".format(iouyap_ini, e))

    @asyncio.coroutine
    def stop(self):
        """
        Stops the IOU process.
        """

        if self.is_running():
            # stop console support
            if self._ioucon_thread:
                self._ioucon_thread_stop_event.set()
                if self._ioucon_thread.is_alive():
                    self._ioucon_thread.join(timeout=3.0)  # wait for the thread to free the console port
                self._ioucon_thread = None

            self._terminate_process_iou()
            if self._iou_process.returncode is None:
                try:
                    yield from gns3server.utils.asyncio.wait_for_process_termination(self._iou_process, timeout=3)
                except asyncio.TimeoutError:
                    if self._iou_process.returncode is None:
                        log.warn("IOU process {} is still running... killing it".format(self._iou_process.pid))
                        self._iou_process.kill()
            self._iou_process = None

        if self.is_iouyap_running():
            self._terminate_process_iouyap()
            try:
                yield from gns3server.utils.asyncio.wait_for_process_termination(self._iouyap_process, timeout=3)
            except asyncio.TimeoutError:
                if self._iouyap_process.returncode is None:
                    log.warn("IOUYAP process {} is still running... killing it".format(self._iouyap_process.pid))
                    try:
                        self._iouyap_process.kill()
                    except ProcessLookupError:
                        pass
            self._iouyap_process = None

        self._started = False
        self.save_configs()

    def _terminate_process_iouyap(self):
        """
        Terminate the IOUYAP process if running.
        """

        if self._iouyap_process:
            log.info('Stopping IOUYAP process for IOU VM "{}" PID={}'.format(self.name, self._iouyap_process.pid))
            try:
                self._iouyap_process.terminate()
            # Sometime the process can already be dead when we garbage collect
            except ProcessLookupError:
                pass

    def _terminate_process_iou(self):
        """
        Terminate the IOU process if running
        """

        if self._iou_process:
            log.info('Stopping IOU process for IOU VM "{}" PID={}'.format(self.name, self._iou_process.pid))
            try:
                self._iou_process.terminate()
            # Sometime the process can already be dead when we garbage collect
            except ProcessLookupError:
                pass
        self._started = False
        self.status = "stopped"

    @asyncio.coroutine
    def reload(self):
        """
        Reloads the IOU process (stop & start).
        """

        yield from self.stop()
        yield from self.start()

    def is_running(self):
        """
        Checks if the IOU process is running

        :returns: True or False
        """

        if self._iou_process and self._iou_process.returncode is None:
            return True
        return False

    def is_iouyap_running(self):
        """
        Checks if the IOUYAP process is running

        :returns: True or False
        """

        if self._iouyap_process and self._iouyap_process.returncode is None:
            return True
        return False

    def _create_netmap_config(self):
        """
        Creates the NETMAP file.
        """

        netmap_path = os.path.join(self.working_dir, "NETMAP")
        try:
            with open(netmap_path, "w", encoding="utf-8") as f:
                for bay in range(0, 16):
                    for unit in range(0, 4):
                        f.write("{iouyap_id}:{bay}/{unit}{iou_id:>5d}:{bay}/{unit}\n".format(iouyap_id=str(self.application_id + 512),
                                                                                             bay=bay,
                                                                                             unit=unit,
                                                                                             iou_id=self.application_id))
            log.info("IOU {name} [id={id}]: NETMAP file created".format(name=self._name,
                                                                        id=self._id))
        except OSError as e:
            raise IOUError("Could not create {}: {}".format(netmap_path, e))

    @asyncio.coroutine
    def _build_command(self):
        """
        Command to start the IOU process.
        (to be passed to subprocess.Popen())

        IOU command line:
        Usage: <image> [options] <application id>
        <image>: unix-js-m | unix-is-m | unix-i-m | ...
        <application id>: instance identifier (0 < id <= 1024)
        Options:
        -e <n>        Number of Ethernet interfaces (default 2)
        -s <n>        Number of Serial interfaces (default 2)
        -n <n>        Size of nvram in Kb (default 64KB)
        -b <string>   IOS debug string
        -c <name>     Configuration file name
        -d            Generate debug information
        -t            Netio message trace
        -q            Suppress informational messages
        -h            Display this help
        -C            Turn off use of host clock
        -m <n>        Megabytes of router memory (default 256MB)
        -L            Disable local console, use remote console
        -l            Enable Layer 1 keepalive messages
        -u <n>        UDP port base for distributed networks
        -R            Ignore options from the IOURC file
        -U            Disable unix: file system location
        -W            Disable watchdog timer
        -N            Ignore the NETMAP file
        """

        command = [self._path]
        if len(self._ethernet_adapters) != 2:
            command.extend(["-e", str(len(self._ethernet_adapters))])
        if len(self._serial_adapters) != 2:
            command.extend(["-s", str(len(self._serial_adapters))])
        if not self.use_default_iou_values:
            command.extend(["-n", str(self._nvram)])
            command.extend(["-m", str(self._ram)])
        command.extend(["-L"])  # disable local console, use remote console

        # do not let IOU create the NVRAM anymore
        #startup_config_file = self.startup_config_file
        # if startup_config_file:
        #    command.extend(["-c", os.path.basename(startup_config_file)])

        if self._l1_keepalives:
            yield from self._enable_l1_keepalives(command)
        command.extend([str(self.application_id)])
        return command

    def read_iou_stdout(self):
        """
        Reads the standard output of the IOU process.
        Only use when the process has been stopped or has crashed.
        """

        output = ""
        if self._iou_stdout_file:
            try:
                with open(self._iou_stdout_file, "rb") as file:
                    output = file.read().decode("utf-8", errors="replace")
            except OSError as e:
                log.warn("could not read {}: {}".format(self._iou_stdout_file, e))
        return output

    def read_iouyap_stdout(self):
        """
        Reads the standard output of the iouyap process.
        Only use when the process has been stopped or has crashed.
        """

        output = ""
        if self._iouyap_stdout_file:
            try:
                with open(self._iouyap_stdout_file, "rb") as file:
                    output = file.read().decode("utf-8", errors="replace")
            except OSError as e:
                log.warn("could not read {}: {}".format(self._iouyap_stdout_file, e))
        return output

    def _start_ioucon(self):
        """
        Starts ioucon thread (for console connections).
        """

        if not self._ioucon_thread:
            telnet_server = "{}:{}".format(self._manager.port_manager.console_host, self.console)
            log.info("Starting ioucon for IOU instance {} to accept Telnet connections on {}".format(self._name, telnet_server))
            args = argparse.Namespace(appl_id=str(self.application_id), debug=False, escape='^^', telnet_limit=0, telnet_server=telnet_server)
            self._ioucon_thread_stop_event = threading.Event()
            self._ioucon_thread = threading.Thread(target=start_ioucon, args=(args, self._ioucon_thread_stop_event))
            self._ioucon_thread.start()

    @property
    def ethernet_adapters(self):
        """
        Returns the number of Ethernet adapters for this IOU VM.

        :returns: number of adapters
        """

        return len(self._ethernet_adapters)

    @ethernet_adapters.setter
    def ethernet_adapters(self, ethernet_adapters):
        """
        Sets the number of Ethernet adapters for this IOU VM.

        :param ethernet_adapters: number of adapters
        """

        self._ethernet_adapters.clear()
        for _ in range(0, ethernet_adapters):
            self._ethernet_adapters.append(EthernetAdapter(interfaces=4))

        log.info('IOU "{name}" [{id}]: number of Ethernet adapters changed to {adapters}'.format(name=self._name,
                                                                                                 id=self._id,
                                                                                                 adapters=len(self._ethernet_adapters)))

        self._adapters = self._ethernet_adapters + self._serial_adapters

    @property
    def serial_adapters(self):
        """
        Returns the number of Serial adapters for this IOU VM.

        :returns: number of adapters
        """

        return len(self._serial_adapters)

    @serial_adapters.setter
    def serial_adapters(self, serial_adapters):
        """
        Sets the number of Serial adapters for this IOU VM.

        :param serial_adapters: number of adapters
        """

        self._serial_adapters.clear()
        for _ in range(0, serial_adapters):
            self._serial_adapters.append(SerialAdapter(interfaces=4))

        log.info('IOU "{name}" [{id}]: number of Serial adapters changed to {adapters}'.format(name=self._name,
                                                                                               id=self._id,
                                                                                               adapters=len(self._serial_adapters)))

        self._adapters = self._ethernet_adapters + self._serial_adapters

    @asyncio.coroutine
    def adapter_add_nio_binding(self, adapter_number, port_number, nio):
        """
        Adds a adapter NIO binding.

        :param adapter_number: adapter number
        :param port_number: port number
        :param nio: NIO instance to add to the adapter/port
        """

        try:
            adapter = self._adapters[adapter_number]
        except IndexError:
            raise IOUError('Adapter {adapter_number} does not exist for IOU "{name}"'.format(name=self._name,
                                                                                             adapter_number=adapter_number))

        if not adapter.port_exists(port_number):
            raise IOUError("Port {port_number} does not exist in adapter {adapter}".format(adapter=adapter,
                                                                                           port_number=port_number))

        adapter.add_nio(port_number, nio)
        log.info('IOU "{name}" [{id}]: {nio} added to {adapter_number}/{port_number}'.format(name=self._name,
                                                                                             id=self._id,
                                                                                             nio=nio,
                                                                                             adapter_number=adapter_number,
                                                                                             port_number=port_number))
        if self.is_iouyap_running():
            self._update_iouyap_config()
            try:
                os.kill(self._iouyap_process.pid, signal.SIGHUP)
            except ProcessLookupError:
                log.error("Could not update iouyap configuration: process (PID={}) not found".format(self._iouyap_process.pid))

    @asyncio.coroutine
    def adapter_remove_nio_binding(self, adapter_number, port_number):
        """
        Removes an adapter NIO binding.

        :param adapter_number: adapter number
        :param port_number: port number
        :returns: NIO instance
        """

        try:
            adapter = self._adapters[adapter_number]
        except IndexError:
            raise IOUError('Adapter {adapter_number} does not exist on IOU "{name}"'.format(name=self._name,
                                                                                            adapter_number=adapter_number))

        if not adapter.port_exists(port_number):
            raise IOUError("Port {port_number} does not exist in adapter {adapter}".format(adapter=adapter,
                                                                                           port_number=port_number))

        nio = adapter.get_nio(port_number)
        if isinstance(nio, NIOUDP):
            self.manager.port_manager.release_udp_port(nio.lport, self._project)
        adapter.remove_nio(port_number)
        log.info('IOU "{name}" [{id}]: {nio} removed from {adapter_number}/{port_number}'.format(name=self._name,
                                                                                                 id=self._id,
                                                                                                 nio=nio,
                                                                                                 adapter_number=adapter_number,
                                                                                                 port_number=port_number))
        if self.is_iouyap_running():
            self._update_iouyap_config()
            try:
                os.kill(self._iouyap_process.pid, signal.SIGHUP)
            except ProcessLookupError:
                log.error("Could not update iouyap configuration: process (PID={}) not found".format(self._iouyap_process.pid))
        return nio

    @property
    def l1_keepalives(self):
        """
        Returns either layer 1 keepalive messages option is enabled or disabled.

        :returns: boolean
        """

        return self._l1_keepalives

    @l1_keepalives.setter
    def l1_keepalives(self, state):
        """
        Enables or disables layer 1 keepalive messages.

        :param state: boolean
        """

        self._l1_keepalives = state
        if state:
            log.info('IOU "{name}" [{id}]: has activated layer 1 keepalive messages'.format(name=self._name, id=self._id))
        else:
            log.info('IOU "{name}" [{id}]: has deactivated layer 1 keepalive messages'.format(name=self._name, id=self._id))

    @asyncio.coroutine
    def _enable_l1_keepalives(self, command):
        """
        Enables L1 keepalive messages if supported.

        :param command: command line
        """

        env = os.environ.copy()
        if "IOURC" not in os.environ:
            env["IOURC"] = self.iourc_path
        try:
            output = yield from gns3server.utils.asyncio.subprocess_check_output(self._path, "-h", cwd=self.working_dir, env=env)
            if re.search("-l\s+Enable Layer 1 keepalive messages", output):
                command.extend(["-l"])
            else:
                raise IOUError("layer 1 keepalive messages are not supported by {}".format(os.path.basename(self._path)))
        except (OSError, subprocess.SubprocessError) as e:
            log.warn("could not determine if layer 1 keepalive messages are supported by {}: {}".format(os.path.basename(self._path), e))

    @property
    def startup_config_content(self):
        """
        Returns the content of the current startup-config file.
        """

        config_file = self.startup_config_file
        if config_file is None:
            return None

        try:
            with open(config_file, "rb") as f:
                return f.read().decode("utf-8", errors="replace")
        except OSError as e:
            raise IOUError("Can't read startup-config file '{}': {}".format(config_file, e))

    @startup_config_content.setter
    def startup_config_content(self, startup_config):
        """
        Update the startup config

        :param startup_config: content of the startup configuration file
        """

        try:
            startup_config_path = os.path.join(self.working_dir, "startup-config.cfg")

            if startup_config is None:
                startup_config = ''

            # We disallow erasing the startup config file
            if len(startup_config) == 0 and os.path.exists(startup_config_path):
                return

            with open(startup_config_path, 'w+', encoding='utf-8') as f:
                if len(startup_config) == 0:
                    f.write('')
                else:
                    startup_config = startup_config.replace("%h", self._name)
                    f.write(startup_config)

            vlan_file = os.path.join(self.working_dir, "vlan.dat-{:05d}".format(self.application_id))
            if os.path.exists(vlan_file):
                try:
                    os.remove(vlan_file)
                except OSError as e:
                    log.error("Could not delete VLAN file '{}': {}".format(vlan_file, e))

        except OSError as e:
            raise IOUError("Can't write startup-config file '{}': {}".format(startup_config_path, e))

    @property
    def private_config_content(self):
        """
        Returns the content of the current private-config file.
        """

        config_file = self.private_config_file
        if config_file is None:
            return None

        try:
            with open(config_file, "rb") as f:
                return f.read().decode("utf-8", errors="replace")
        except OSError as e:
            raise IOUError("Can't read private-config file '{}': {}".format(config_file, e))

    @private_config_content.setter
    def private_config_content(self, private_config):
        """
        Update the private config

        :param private_config: content of the private configuration file
        """

        try:
            private_config_path = os.path.join(self.working_dir, "private-config.cfg")

            if private_config is None:
                private_config = ''

            # We disallow erasing the private config file
            if len(private_config) == 0 and os.path.exists(private_config_path):
                return

            with open(private_config_path, 'w+', encoding='utf-8') as f:
                if len(private_config) == 0:
                    f.write('')
                else:
                    private_config = private_config.replace("%h", self._name)
                    f.write(private_config)
        except OSError as e:
            raise IOUError("Can't write private-config file '{}': {}".format(private_config_path, e))

    @property
    def startup_config_file(self):
        """
        Returns the startup-config file for this IOU VM.

        :returns: path to config file. None if the file doesn't exist
        """

        path = os.path.join(self.working_dir, 'startup-config.cfg')
        if os.path.exists(path):
            return path
        else:
            return None

    @property
    def private_config_file(self):
        """
        Returns the private-config file for this IOU VM.

        :returns: path to config file. None if the file doesn't exist
        """

        path = os.path.join(self.working_dir, 'private-config.cfg')
        if os.path.exists(path):
            return path
        else:
            return None

    @property
    def relative_startup_config_file(self):
        """
        Returns the startup-config file relative to the project directory.
        It's compatible with pre 1.3 projects.

        :returns: path to startup-config file. None if the file doesn't exist
        """

        path = os.path.join(self.working_dir, 'startup-config.cfg')
        if os.path.exists(path):
            return 'startup-config.cfg'
        else:
            return None

    @property
    def relative_private_config_file(self):
        """
        Returns the private-config file relative to the project directory.

        :returns: path to private-config file. None if the file doesn't exist
        """

        path = os.path.join(self.working_dir, 'private-config.cfg')
        if os.path.exists(path):
            return 'private-config.cfg'
        else:
            return None

    def extract_configs(self):
        """
        Gets the contents of the config files
        startup-config and private-config from NVRAM.

        :returns: tuple (startup-config, private-config)
        """

        nvram_file = os.path.join(self.working_dir, "nvram_{:05d}".format(self.application_id))
        if not os.path.exists(nvram_file):
            return None, None
        try:
            with open(nvram_file, "rb") as file:
                nvram_content = file.read()
        except OSError as e:
            log.warning("Cannot read nvram file {}: {}".format(nvram_file, e))
            return None, None

        try:
            startup_config_content, private_config_content = nvram_export(nvram_content)
        except ValueError as e:
            log.warning("Could not export configs from nvram file {}: {}".format(nvram_file, e))
            return None, None

        return startup_config_content, private_config_content

    def save_configs(self):
        """
        Saves the startup-config and private-config to files.
        """

        if self.startup_config_content or self.private_config_content:
            startup_config_content, private_config_content = self.extract_configs()
            if startup_config_content:
                config_path = os.path.join(self.working_dir, "startup-config.cfg")
                try:
                    config = startup_config_content.decode("utf-8", errors="replace")
                    with open(config_path, "wb") as f:
                        log.info("saving startup-config to {}".format(config_path))
                        f.write(config.encode("utf-8"))
                except (binascii.Error, OSError) as e:
                    raise IOUError("Could not save the startup configuration {}: {}".format(config_path, e))

            if private_config_content and private_config_content != b'\nend\n':
                config_path = os.path.join(self.working_dir, "private-config.cfg")
                try:
                    config = private_config_content.decode("utf-8", errors="replace")
                    with open(config_path, "wb") as f:
                        log.info("saving private-config to {}".format(config_path))
                        f.write(config.encode("utf-8"))
                except (binascii.Error, OSError) as e:
                    raise IOUError("Could not save the private configuration {}: {}".format(config_path, e))

    @asyncio.coroutine
    def start_capture(self, adapter_number, port_number, output_file, data_link_type="DLT_EN10MB"):
        """
        Starts a packet capture.

        :param adapter_number: adapter number
        :param port_number: port number
        :param output_file: PCAP destination file for the capture
        :param data_link_type: PCAP data link type (DLT_*), default is DLT_EN10MB
        """

        try:
            adapter = self._adapters[adapter_number]
        except IndexError:
            raise IOUError('Adapter {adapter_number} does not exist on IOU "{name}"'.format(name=self._name,
                                                                                            adapter_number=adapter_number))

        if not adapter.port_exists(port_number):
            raise IOUError("Port {port_number} does not exist in adapter {adapter}".format(adapter=adapter,
                                                                                           port_number=port_number))

        nio = adapter.get_nio(port_number)
        if not nio:
            raise IOUError("NIO {port_number} does not exist in adapter {adapter}".format(adapter=adapter,
                                                                                          port_number=port_number))

        if nio.capturing:
            raise IOUError("Packet capture is already activated on {adapter_number}/{port_number}".format(adapter_number=adapter_number,
                                                                                                          port_number=port_number))

        nio.startPacketCapture(output_file, data_link_type)
        log.info('IOU "{name}" [{id}]: starting packet capture on {adapter_number}/{port_number} to {output_file}'.format(name=self._name,
                                                                                                                          id=self._id,
                                                                                                                          adapter_number=adapter_number,
                                                                                                                          port_number=port_number,
                                                                                                                          output_file=output_file))

        if self.is_iouyap_running():
            self._update_iouyap_config()
            try:
                os.kill(self._iouyap_process.pid, signal.SIGHUP)
            except ProcessLookupError:
                log.error("Could not update iouyap configuration: process (PID={}) not found".format(self._iouyap_process.pid))

    @asyncio.coroutine
    def stop_capture(self, adapter_number, port_number):
        """
        Stops a packet capture.

        :param adapter_number: adapter number
        :param port_number: port number
        """

        try:
            adapter = self._adapters[adapter_number]
        except IndexError:
            raise IOUError('Adapter {adapter_number} does not exist on IOU "{name}"'.format(name=self._name,
                                                                                            adapter_number=adapter_number))

        if not adapter.port_exists(port_number):
            raise IOUError("Port {port_number} does not exist in adapter {adapter}".format(adapter=adapter,
                                                                                           port_number=port_number))

        nio = adapter.get_nio(port_number)
        if not nio:
            raise IOUError("NIO {port_number} does not exist in adapter {adapter}".format(adapter=adapter,
                                                                                          port_number=port_number))

        nio.stopPacketCapture()
        log.info('IOU "{name}" [{id}]: stopping packet capture on {adapter_number}/{port_number}'.format(name=self._name,
                                                                                                         id=self._id,
                                                                                                         adapter_number=adapter_number,
                                                                                                         port_number=port_number))
        if self.is_iouyap_running():
            self._update_iouyap_config()
            try:
                os.kill(self._iouyap_process.pid, signal.SIGHUP)
            except ProcessLookupError:
                log.error("Could not update iouyap configuration: process (PID={}) not found".format(self._iouyap_process.pid))