# Copyright © 2017 Tom Hacohen # # This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify # it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as # published by the Free Software Foundation, version 3. # # This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, # but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of # MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the # GNU General Public License for more details. # # You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License # along with this program. If not, see . import json from functools import reduce from django.conf import settings from django.contrib.auth import get_user_model, user_logged_in, user_logged_out from django.core.exceptions import PermissionDenied from django.db import transaction, IntegrityError from django.db.models import Max, Q from django.http import HttpResponseBadRequest, HttpResponse, Http404 from django.shortcuts import get_object_or_404 from rest_framework import status from rest_framework import viewsets from rest_framework import parsers from rest_framework.decorators import action as action_decorator from rest_framework.response import Response import nacl.encoding import nacl.signing import nacl.secret import nacl.hash from .token_auth.models import AuthToken from . import app_settings, permissions from .models import ( Collection, CollectionItem, CollectionItemRevision, CollectionMember, CollectionMemberRemoved, CollectionInvitation, Stoken, UserInfo, ) from .serializers import ( b64encode, AuthenticationChangePasswordInnerSerializer, AuthenticationSignupSerializer, AuthenticationLoginChallengeSerializer, AuthenticationLoginSerializer, AuthenticationLoginInnerSerializer, CollectionSerializer, CollectionItemSerializer, CollectionItemBulkGetSerializer, CollectionItemDepSerializer, CollectionItemRevisionSerializer, CollectionItemChunkSerializer, CollectionMemberSerializer, CollectionInvitationSerializer, InvitationAcceptSerializer, UserInfoPubkeySerializer, UserSerializer, ) User = get_user_model() class BaseViewSet(viewsets.ModelViewSet): authentication_classes = tuple(app_settings.API_AUTHENTICATORS) permission_classes = tuple(app_settings.API_PERMISSIONS) stoken_id_fields = None def get_serializer_class(self): serializer_class = self.serializer_class if self.request.method == 'PUT': serializer_class = getattr(self, 'serializer_update_class', serializer_class) return serializer_class def get_collection_queryset(self, queryset=Collection.objects): user = self.request.user return queryset.filter(members__user=user) def get_stoken_obj(self, request): stoken = request.GET.get('stoken', None) if stoken is not None: return get_object_or_404(Stoken.objects.all(), uid=stoken) return None def filter_by_stoken(self, request, queryset): stoken_rev = self.get_stoken_obj(request) if stoken_rev is not None: filter_by_map = map(lambda x: Q(**{x + '__gt': stoken_rev.id}), self.stoken_id_fields) filter_by = reduce(lambda x, y: x | y, filter_by_map) queryset = queryset.filter(filter_by).distinct() return queryset, stoken_rev def get_queryset_stoken(self, queryset): aggr_field_names = ['max_{}'.format(i) for i, x in enumerate(self.stoken_id_fields)] aggr_fields = {name: Max(field) for name, field in zip(aggr_field_names, self.stoken_id_fields)} aggr = queryset.annotate(**aggr_fields).values(*aggr_field_names) # FIXME: we are doing it in python instead of SQL because I just couldn't get aggregate to work over the # annotated values. This should probably be fixed as it could be quite slow maxid = -1 for row in aggr: rowmaxid = max(map(lambda x: x or -1, row.values())) maxid = max(maxid, rowmaxid) new_stoken = (maxid >= 0) and Stoken.objects.get(id=maxid).uid return queryset, new_stoken def filter_by_stoken_and_limit(self, request, queryset): limit = int(request.GET.get('limit', 50)) queryset, stoken_rev = self.filter_by_stoken(request, queryset) stoken = stoken_rev.uid if stoken_rev is not None else None queryset = queryset[:limit] queryset, new_stoken = self.get_queryset_stoken(queryset) new_stoken = new_stoken or stoken # This is not the most efficient way of implementing this, but it's good enough done = len(queryset) < limit return queryset, new_stoken, done # Change how our list works by default def list(self, request, collection_uid=None): queryset = self.get_queryset() serializer = self.get_serializer(queryset, many=True) ret = { 'data': serializer.data, 'done': True, # we always return all the items, so it's always done } return Response(ret) class CollectionViewSet(BaseViewSet): allowed_methods = ['GET', 'POST'] permission_classes = BaseViewSet.permission_classes + (permissions.IsCollectionAdminOrReadOnly, ) queryset = Collection.objects.all() serializer_class = CollectionSerializer lookup_field = 'main_item__uid' lookup_url_kwarg = 'uid' stoken_id_fields = ['items__revisions__stoken__id', 'members__stoken__id'] def get_queryset(self, queryset=None): if queryset is None: queryset = type(self).queryset return self.get_collection_queryset(queryset) def get_serializer_context(self): context = super().get_serializer_context() inline = 'inline' in self.request.query_params context.update({'request': self.request, 'inline': inline}) return context def destroy(self, request, uid=None): # FIXME: implement return Response(status=status.HTTP_405_METHOD_NOT_ALLOWED) def partial_update(self, request, uid=None): return Response(status=status.HTTP_405_METHOD_NOT_ALLOWED) def update(self, request, *args, **kwargs): return Response(status=status.HTTP_405_METHOD_NOT_ALLOWED) def create(self, request, *args, **kwargs): serializer = self.get_serializer(data=request.data) if serializer.is_valid(): try: serializer.save(owner=self.request.user) except IntegrityError: content = {'code': 'integrity_error'} return Response(content, status=status.HTTP_400_BAD_REQUEST) return Response({}, status=status.HTTP_201_CREATED) return Response(serializer.errors, status=status.HTTP_400_BAD_REQUEST) def list(self, request): queryset = self.get_queryset() queryset, new_stoken, done = self.filter_by_stoken_and_limit(request, queryset) serializer = self.get_serializer(queryset, many=True) ret = { 'data': serializer.data, 'stoken': new_stoken, 'done': done, } stoken_obj = self.get_stoken_obj(request) if stoken_obj is not None: # FIXME: honour limit? (the limit should be combined for data and this because of stoken) remed = CollectionMemberRemoved.objects.filter(user=request.user, stoken__id__gt=stoken_obj.id) \ .values_list('collection__main_item__uid', flat=True) if len(remed) > 0: ret['removedMemberships'] = [{'uid': x} for x in remed] return Response(ret) class CollectionItemViewSet(BaseViewSet): allowed_methods = ['GET', 'POST', 'PUT'] permission_classes = BaseViewSet.permission_classes + (permissions.HasWriteAccessOrReadOnly, ) queryset = CollectionItem.objects.all() serializer_class = CollectionItemSerializer lookup_field = 'uid' stoken_id_fields = ['revisions__stoken__id'] def get_queryset(self): collection_uid = self.kwargs['collection_uid'] try: collection = self.get_collection_queryset(Collection.objects).get(main_item__uid=collection_uid) except Collection.DoesNotExist: raise Http404("Collection does not exist") # XXX Potentially add this for performance: .prefetch_related('revisions__chunks') queryset = type(self).queryset.filter(collection__pk=collection.pk, revisions__current=True) return queryset def get_serializer_context(self): context = super().get_serializer_context() inline = 'inline' in self.request.query_params context.update({'request': self.request, 'inline': inline}) return context def create(self, request, collection_uid=None): # We create using batch and transaction return Response(status=status.HTTP_405_METHOD_NOT_ALLOWED) def destroy(self, request, collection_uid=None, uid=None): # We can't have destroy because we need to get data from the user (in the body) such as hmac. return Response(status=status.HTTP_405_METHOD_NOT_ALLOWED) def update(self, request, collection_uid=None, uid=None): return Response(status=status.HTTP_405_METHOD_NOT_ALLOWED) def partial_update(self, request, collection_uid=None, uid=None): return Response(status=status.HTTP_405_METHOD_NOT_ALLOWED) def list(self, request, collection_uid=None): queryset = self.get_queryset() if not self.request.query_params.get('withCollection', False): queryset = queryset.filter(parent__isnull=True) queryset, new_stoken, done = self.filter_by_stoken_and_limit(request, queryset) serializer = self.get_serializer(queryset, many=True) ret = { 'data': serializer.data, 'stoken': new_stoken, 'done': done, } return Response(ret) @action_decorator(detail=True, methods=['GET']) def revision(self, request, collection_uid=None, uid=None): col = get_object_or_404(self.get_collection_queryset(Collection.objects), main_item__uid=collection_uid) item = get_object_or_404(col.items, uid=uid) limit = int(request.GET.get('limit', 50)) iterator = request.GET.get('iterator', None) queryset = item.revisions.exclude(current=True).order_by('-id') if iterator is not None: iterator = get_object_or_404(queryset, uid=iterator) queryset = queryset.filter(id__lt=iterator.id) queryset = queryset[:limit] serializer = CollectionItemRevisionSerializer(queryset, many=True) # This is not the most efficient way of implementing this, but it's good enough done = len(queryset) < limit last_item = len(queryset) > 0 and serializer.data[-1] ret = { 'data': serializer.data, 'iterator': last_item and last_item['uid'], 'done': done, } return Response(ret) # FIXME: rename to something consistent with what the clients have - maybe list_updates? @action_decorator(detail=False, methods=['POST']) def fetch_updates(self, request, collection_uid=None): queryset = self.get_queryset() serializer = CollectionItemBulkGetSerializer(data=request.data, many=True) if serializer.is_valid(): # FIXME: make configurable? item_limit = 200 if len(serializer.validated_data) > item_limit: content = {'code': 'too_many_items', 'detail': 'Request has too many items. Limit: {}'. format(item_limit)} return Response(content, status=status.HTTP_400_BAD_REQUEST) queryset, stoken_rev = self.filter_by_stoken(request, queryset) uids, etags = zip(*[(item['uid'], item.get('etag')) for item in serializer.validated_data]) revs = CollectionItemRevision.objects.filter(uid__in=etags, current=True) queryset = queryset.filter(uid__in=uids).exclude(revisions__in=revs) queryset, new_stoken = self.get_queryset_stoken(queryset) stoken = stoken_rev and stoken_rev.uid new_stoken = new_stoken or stoken serializer = self.get_serializer(queryset, many=True) ret = { 'data': serializer.data, 'stoken': new_stoken, 'done': True, # we always return all the items, so it's always done } return Response(ret) return Response(serializer.errors, status=status.HTTP_400_BAD_REQUEST) @action_decorator(detail=False, methods=['POST']) def batch(self, request, collection_uid=None): return self.transaction(request, collection_uid, validate_etag=False) @action_decorator(detail=False, methods=['POST']) def transaction(self, request, collection_uid=None, validate_etag=True): stoken = request.GET.get('stoken', None) with transaction.atomic(): # We need this for locking on the collection object collection_object = get_object_or_404( self.get_collection_queryset(Collection.objects).select_for_update(), # Lock writes on the collection main_item__uid=collection_uid) if stoken is not None and stoken != collection_object.stoken: content = {'code': 'stale_stoken', 'detail': 'Stoken is too old'} return Response(content, status=status.HTTP_400_BAD_REQUEST) items = request.data.get('items') deps = request.data.get('deps', None) # FIXME: It should just be one serializer context = self.get_serializer_context() context.update({'validate_etag': validate_etag}) serializer = self.get_serializer_class()(data=items, context=context, many=True) deps_serializer = CollectionItemDepSerializer(data=deps, context=context, many=True) ser_valid = serializer.is_valid() deps_ser_valid = (deps is None or deps_serializer.is_valid()) if ser_valid and deps_ser_valid: try: items = serializer.save(collection=collection_object) except IntegrityError: # FIXME: return the items with a bad token (including deps) so we don't have to fetch them after content = {'code': 'integrity_error'} return Response(content, status=status.HTTP_400_BAD_REQUEST) ret = { } return Response(ret, status=status.HTTP_200_OK) return Response( { "items": serializer.errors, "deps": deps_serializer.errors if deps is not None else [], }, status=status.HTTP_400_BAD_REQUEST) class CollectionItemChunkViewSet(viewsets.ViewSet): allowed_methods = ['GET', 'POST'] parser_classes = (parsers.MultiPartParser, ) authentication_classes = BaseViewSet.authentication_classes permission_classes = BaseViewSet.permission_classes serializer_class = CollectionItemChunkSerializer lookup_field = 'uid' def get_serializer_class(self): return self.serializer_class def get_collection_queryset(self, queryset=Collection.objects): user = self.request.user return queryset.filter(members__user=user) def create(self, request, collection_uid=None, collection_item_uid=None): col = get_object_or_404(self.get_collection_queryset(), main_item__uid=collection_uid) col_it = get_object_or_404(col.items, uid=collection_item_uid) serializer = self.get_serializer_class()(data=request.data) if serializer.is_valid(): try: serializer.save(item=col_it) except IntegrityError: content = {'code': 'integrity_error'} return Response(content, status=status.HTTP_400_BAD_REQUEST) return Response({}, status=status.HTTP_201_CREATED) return Response(serializer.errors, status=status.HTTP_400_BAD_REQUEST) @action_decorator(detail=True, methods=['GET']) def download(self, request, collection_uid=None, collection_item_uid=None, uid=None): import os from django.views.static import serve col = get_object_or_404(self.get_collection_queryset(), main_item__uid=collection_uid) col_it = get_object_or_404(col.items, uid=collection_item_uid) chunk = get_object_or_404(col_it.chunks, uid=uid) filename = chunk.chunkFile.path dirname = os.path.dirname(filename) basename = os.path.basename(filename) # FIXME: DO NOT USE! Use django-send file or etc instead. return serve(request, basename, dirname) class CollectionMemberViewSet(BaseViewSet): allowed_methods = ['GET', 'PUT', 'DELETE'] our_base_permission_classes = BaseViewSet.permission_classes permission_classes = our_base_permission_classes + (permissions.IsCollectionAdmin, ) queryset = CollectionMember.objects.all() serializer_class = CollectionMemberSerializer lookup_field = 'user__' + User.USERNAME_FIELD lookup_url_kwarg = 'username' stoken_id_fields = ['stoken__id'] # FIXME: need to make sure that there's always an admin, and maybe also don't let an owner remove adm access # (if we want to transfer, we need to do that specifically) def get_queryset(self, queryset=None): collection_uid = self.kwargs['collection_uid'] try: collection = self.get_collection_queryset(Collection.objects).get(main_item__uid=collection_uid) except Collection.DoesNotExist: raise Http404('Collection does not exist') if queryset is None: queryset = type(self).queryset return queryset.filter(collection=collection) # We override this method because we expect the stoken to be called iterator def get_stoken_obj(self, request): stoken = request.GET.get('iterator', None) if stoken is not None: return get_object_or_404(Stoken.objects.all(), uid=stoken) return None def list(self, request, collection_uid=None): queryset = self.get_queryset() queryset, new_stoken, done = self.filter_by_stoken_and_limit(request, queryset) serializer = self.get_serializer(queryset, many=True) ret = { 'data': serializer.data, 'iterator': new_stoken, # Here we call it an iterator, it's only stoken for collection/items 'done': done, } return Response(ret) def create(self, request): return Response(status=status.HTTP_405_METHOD_NOT_ALLOWED) # FIXME: block leaving if we are the last admins - should be deleted / assigned in this case depending if there # are other memebers. def perform_destroy(self, instance): instance.revoke() @action_decorator(detail=False, methods=['POST'], permission_classes=our_base_permission_classes) def leave(self, request, collection_uid=None): collection_uid = self.kwargs['collection_uid'] col = get_object_or_404(self.get_collection_queryset(Collection.objects), main_item__uid=collection_uid) member = col.members.get(user=request.user) self.perform_destroy(member) return Response({}) class InvitationBaseViewSet(BaseViewSet): queryset = CollectionInvitation.objects.all() serializer_class = CollectionInvitationSerializer lookup_field = 'uid' lookup_url_kwarg = 'invitation_uid' def list(self, request, collection_uid=None): limit = int(request.GET.get('limit', 50)) iterator = request.GET.get('iterator', None) queryset = self.get_queryset().order_by('id') if iterator is not None: iterator = get_object_or_404(queryset, uid=iterator) queryset = queryset.filter(id__gt=iterator.id) queryset = queryset[:limit] serializer = self.get_serializer(queryset, many=True) # This is not the most efficient way of implementing this, but it's good enough done = len(queryset) < limit last_item = len(queryset) > 0 and serializer.data[-1] ret = { 'data': serializer.data, 'iterator': last_item and last_item['uid'], 'done': done, } return Response(ret) class InvitationOutgoingViewSet(InvitationBaseViewSet): allowed_methods = ['GET', 'POST', 'PUT', 'DELETE'] def get_queryset(self, queryset=None): if queryset is None: queryset = type(self).queryset return queryset.filter(fromMember__user=self.request.user) def create(self, request, *args, **kwargs): serializer = self.get_serializer(data=request.data) if serializer.is_valid(): collection_uid = serializer.validated_data.get('collection', {}).get('uid') try: collection = self.get_collection_queryset(Collection.objects).get(main_item__uid=collection_uid) except Collection.DoesNotExist: raise Http404('Collection does not exist') if not permissions.is_collection_admin(collection, request.user): raise PermissionDenied('User is not an admin of this collection') serializer.save(collection=collection) return Response({}, status=status.HTTP_201_CREATED) return Response(serializer.errors, status=status.HTTP_400_BAD_REQUEST) @action_decorator(detail=False, allowed_methods=['GET'], methods=['GET']) def fetch_user_profile(self, request): username = request.GET.get('username') kwargs = {'owner__' + User.USERNAME_FIELD: username} user_info = get_object_or_404(UserInfo.objects.all(), **kwargs) serializer = UserInfoPubkeySerializer(user_info) return Response(serializer.data) class InvitationIncomingViewSet(InvitationBaseViewSet): allowed_methods = ['GET', 'DELETE'] def get_queryset(self, queryset=None): if queryset is None: queryset = type(self).queryset return queryset.filter(user=self.request.user) @action_decorator(detail=True, allowed_methods=['POST'], methods=['POST']) def accept(self, request, invitation_uid=None): invitation = get_object_or_404(self.get_queryset(), uid=invitation_uid) context = self.get_serializer_context() context.update({'invitation': invitation}) serializer = InvitationAcceptSerializer(data=request.data, context=context) serializer.is_valid(raise_exception=True) serializer.save() return Response(status=status.HTTP_201_CREATED) class AuthenticationViewSet(viewsets.ViewSet): allowed_methods = ['POST'] authentication_classes = BaseViewSet.authentication_classes def get_encryption_key(self, salt): key = nacl.hash.blake2b(settings.SECRET_KEY.encode(), encoder=nacl.encoding.RawEncoder) return nacl.hash.blake2b(b'', key=key, salt=salt[:nacl.hash.BLAKE2B_SALTBYTES], person=b'etebase-auth', encoder=nacl.encoding.RawEncoder) def get_queryset(self): return User.objects.all() def login_response_data(self, user): return { 'token': AuthToken.objects.create(user=user).key, 'user': UserSerializer(user).data, } def list(self, request): return Response(status=status.HTTP_405_METHOD_NOT_ALLOWED) @action_decorator(detail=False, methods=['POST']) def signup(self, request): serializer = AuthenticationSignupSerializer(data=request.data) serializer.is_valid(raise_exception=True) user = serializer.save() data = self.login_response_data(user) return Response(data, status=status.HTTP_201_CREATED) def get_login_user(self, username): kwargs = {User.USERNAME_FIELD: username} return get_object_or_404(self.get_queryset(), **kwargs) def validate_login_request(self, request, validated_data, response_raw, signature, expected_action): from datetime import datetime username = validated_data.get('username') user = self.get_login_user(username) host = validated_data['host'] challenge = validated_data['challenge'] action = validated_data['action'] salt = bytes(user.userinfo.salt) enc_key = self.get_encryption_key(salt) box = nacl.secret.SecretBox(enc_key) challenge_data = json.loads(box.decrypt(challenge).decode()) now = int(datetime.now().timestamp()) if action != expected_action: content = {'code': 'wrong_action', 'detail': 'Expected "{}" but got something else'.format(expected_action)} return Response(content, status=status.HTTP_400_BAD_REQUEST) elif now - challenge_data['timestamp'] > app_settings.CHALLENGE_VALID_SECONDS: content = {'code': 'challenge_expired', 'detail': 'Login challange has expired'} return Response(content, status=status.HTTP_400_BAD_REQUEST) elif challenge_data['userId'] != user.id: content = {'code': 'wrong_user', 'detail': 'This challenge is for the wrong user'} return Response(content, status=status.HTTP_400_BAD_REQUEST) elif not settings.DEBUG and host != request.get_host(): detail = 'Found wrong host name. Got: "{}" expected: "{}"'.format(host, request.get_host()) content = {'code': 'wrong_host', 'detail': detail} return Response(content, status=status.HTTP_400_BAD_REQUEST) verify_key = nacl.signing.VerifyKey(bytes(user.userinfo.loginPubkey), encoder=nacl.encoding.RawEncoder) try: verify_key.verify(response_raw, signature) except nacl.exceptions.BadSignatureError: return Response({'code': 'login_bad_signature'}, status=status.HTTP_400_BAD_REQUEST) return None @action_decorator(detail=False, methods=['POST']) def login_challenge(self, request): from datetime import datetime serializer = AuthenticationLoginChallengeSerializer(data=request.data) if serializer.is_valid(): username = serializer.validated_data.get('username') user = self.get_login_user(username) salt = bytes(user.userinfo.salt) enc_key = self.get_encryption_key(salt) box = nacl.secret.SecretBox(enc_key) challenge_data = { "timestamp": int(datetime.now().timestamp()), "userId": user.id, } challenge = box.encrypt(json.dumps( challenge_data, separators=(',', ':')).encode(), encoder=nacl.encoding.RawEncoder) ret = { "salt": b64encode(salt), "challenge": b64encode(challenge), "version": user.userinfo.version, } return Response(ret, status=status.HTTP_200_OK) return Response(serializer.errors, status=status.HTTP_400_BAD_REQUEST) @action_decorator(detail=False, methods=['POST']) def login(self, request): outer_serializer = AuthenticationLoginSerializer(data=request.data) outer_serializer.is_valid(raise_exception=True) response_raw = outer_serializer.validated_data['response'] response = json.loads(response_raw.decode()) signature = outer_serializer.validated_data['signature'] serializer = AuthenticationLoginInnerSerializer(data=response, context={'host': request.get_host()}) serializer.is_valid(raise_exception=True) bad_login_response = self.validate_login_request( request, serializer.validated_data, response_raw, signature, "login") if bad_login_response is not None: return bad_login_response username = serializer.validated_data.get('username') user = self.get_login_user(username) data = self.login_response_data(user) user_logged_in.send(sender=user.__class__, request=request, user=user) return Response(data, status=status.HTTP_200_OK) @action_decorator(detail=False, methods=['POST'], permission_classes=BaseViewSet.permission_classes) def logout(self, request): request.auth.delete() user_logged_out.send(sender=request.user.__class__, request=request, user=request.user) return Response(status=status.HTTP_204_NO_CONTENT) @action_decorator(detail=False, methods=['POST'], permission_classes=BaseViewSet.permission_classes) def change_password(self, request): outer_serializer = AuthenticationLoginSerializer(data=request.data) outer_serializer.is_valid(raise_exception=True) response_raw = outer_serializer.validated_data['response'] response = json.loads(response_raw.decode()) signature = outer_serializer.validated_data['signature'] serializer = AuthenticationChangePasswordInnerSerializer( request.user.userinfo, data=response, context={'host': request.get_host()}) serializer.is_valid(raise_exception=True) bad_login_response = self.validate_login_request( request, serializer.validated_data, response_raw, signature, "changePassword") if bad_login_response is not None: return bad_login_response serializer.save() return Response({}, status=status.HTTP_200_OK) class TestAuthenticationViewSet(viewsets.ViewSet): allowed_methods = ['POST'] def list(self, request): return Response(status=status.HTTP_405_METHOD_NOT_ALLOWED) @action_decorator(detail=False, methods=['POST']) def reset(self, request, *args, **kwargs): # Only run when in DEBUG mode! It's only used for tests if not settings.DEBUG: return HttpResponseBadRequest("Only allowed in debug mode.") user = get_object_or_404(User.objects.all(), username=request.data.get('user').get('username')) # Only allow test users for extra safety if not getattr(user, User.USERNAME_FIELD).startswith('test_user'): return HttpResponseBadRequest("Endpoint not allowed for user.") if hasattr(user, 'userinfo'): user.userinfo.delete() serializer = AuthenticationSignupSerializer(data=request.data) serializer.is_valid(raise_exception=True) serializer.save() # Delete all of the journal data for this user for a clear test env user.collection_set.all().delete() user.incoming_invitations.all().delete() # FIXME: also delete chunk files!!! return HttpResponse()