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@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ nodes, _full nodes_ for short, may also provide tools and data for
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understanding how Bitcoin works and what is currently happening in the
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network.
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In this chapter, we'll install Bitcoin Core, the implementation which
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In this chapter, we'll install Bitcoin Core, the implementation that
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most full node operators have used since the beginning of the Bitcoin
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network. We'll then inspect blocks, transactions, and other data from
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your node, data which is authoritative--not because some powerful entity
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@ -32,14 +32,14 @@ open source, Bitcoin is developed by
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an open community of volunteers. At first, that community consisted of
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only Satoshi Nakamoto. By 2023, Bitcoin's source code had more than 1,000
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contributors with about a dozen developers working on the code almost
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full-time and several dozen more on a part-time basis. Anyone can
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full time and several dozen more on a part-time basis. Anyone can
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contribute to the code—including you!
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When Bitcoin was created by Satoshi Nakamoto, the
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software was mostly completed before publication of the whitepaper reproduced in
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<<satoshi_whitepaper>>. Satoshi wanted to make sure the
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implementation worked before publishing a paper about it. That first implementation, then simply
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known as "Bitcoin", has been heavily modified and
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known as "Bitcoin," has been heavily modified and
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improved. It has evolved into what is known as _Bitcoin Core_, to
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differentiate it from other implementations. Bitcoin Core is
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the _reference implementation_ of the Bitcoin system, meaning that it
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@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ Bitcoin Core's
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source code can be downloaded as an archive or by cloning the
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source repository from GitHub. On the https://bitcoincore.org/bin/[Bitcoin Core download
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page], select the most recent version and download the compressed
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archive of the source code. Alternatively, use the git command line to create a
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archive of the source code. Alternatively, use the Git command line to create a
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local copy of the source code from the
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https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin[GitHub bitcoin page].
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@ -90,8 +90,8 @@ https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin[GitHub bitcoin page].
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In
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many of the examples in this chapter we will be using the operating
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system's command-line interface (also known as a "shell"), accessed via
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a "terminal" application. The shell will display a prompt; you type a
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command; and the shell responds with some text and a new prompt for your
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a "terminal" application. The shell will display a prompt, you type a
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command, and the shell responds with some text and a new prompt for your
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next command. The prompt may look different on your system, but in the
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following examples it is denoted by a +$+ symbol. In the examples, when
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you see text after a +$+ symbol, don't type the +$+ symbol but type the
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@ -120,11 +120,11 @@ Resolving deltas: 100% (175649/175649), done.
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Git is the most widely used
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distributed version control system, an essential part of any software
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developer's toolkit. You may need to install the +git+ command, or a
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graphical user interface for git, on your operating system if you do not
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graphical user interface for Git, on your operating system if you do not
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have it already.
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====
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When the git cloning operation has completed, you will have a complete
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When the Git cloning operation has completed, you will have a complete
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local copy of the source code repository in the directory _bitcoin_.
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Change to this directory using the +cd+ command:
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@ -155,7 +155,7 @@ v0.12.0rc2
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...
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----
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The list of tags shows all the released versions of bitcoin. By
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The list of tags shows all the released versions of Bitcoin. By
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convention, _release candidates_, which are intended for testing, have
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the suffix "rc." Stable releases that can be run on production systems
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have no suffix. From the preceding list, select the highest version
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@ -189,19 +189,19 @@ in _README.md_ in the _bitcoin_ directory.
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In this chapter, we will build the Bitcoin Core daemon
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(server), also known as +bitcoind+ on Linux (a Unix-like system). Review the instructions for
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compiling the +bitcoind+ command-line client on your platform by reading
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+doc/build-unix.md+. Alternative instructions can be found in
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_doc/build-unix.md_. Alternative instructions can be found in
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the _doc_ directory; for example, _build-windows.md_ for Windows
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instructions. As of this writing, instructions are available for
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Android, FreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD, MacOS (OSX), Unix, and Windows.
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Android, FreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD, macOS (OSX), Unix, and Windows.
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Carefully review the build prerequisites, which are in the first part of
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the build documentation. These are libraries that must be present on
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your system before you can begin to compile bitcoin. If these
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your system before you can begin to compile Bitcoin. If these
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prerequisites are missing, the build process will fail with an error. If
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this happens because you missed a prerequisite, you can install it and
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then resume the build process from where you left off. Assuming the
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prerequisites are installed, you start the build process by generating a
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set of build scripts using the _autogen.sh_ script.
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set of build scripts using the _autogen.sh_ script:
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----
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$ ./autogen.sh
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@ -249,7 +249,7 @@ setting, computer lab restrictions may require you to install
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applications in your home directory (e.g., using +--prefix=$HOME+).
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Here are some useful options that override the default behavior of the
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configure script:
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+configure+ script:
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++++
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<dl>
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@ -263,7 +263,7 @@ configure script:
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<dd><p>If you are building a wallet, allow the use of an incompatible version of the Berkeley DB library.</p></dd>
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<dt><code>--with-gui=no</code></dt>
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<dd><p>Don't build the graphical user interface, which requires the Qt library. This builds server and command-line bitcoin only.</p></dd>
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<dd><p>Don't build the graphical user interface, which requires the Qt library. This builds server and command-line Bitcoin only.</p></dd>
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</dl>
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++++
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@ -363,7 +363,7 @@ of data initially and about 400 MB of Bitcoin transactions per day.
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These figures are for 2023 and will likely increase over time. If you
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shut down your node or get disconnected from the internet for several
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days, your node will need to download the data that it missed. For
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example, if you close Bitcoin Core for ten days, you will need to
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example, if you close Bitcoin Core for 10 days, you will need to
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download approximately 4 GB the next time you start it.
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Depending on whether you choose to index all transactions and keep a
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@ -429,7 +429,7 @@ configuration file in its data directory on every start. In this section
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we will examine the various configuration options and set up a
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configuration file. To locate the configuration file, run +bitcoind
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-printtoconsole+ in your terminal and look for the first couple of
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lines.
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lines:
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----
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$ bitcoind -printtoconsole
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@ -625,7 +625,7 @@ $ bitcoin-cli getblockchaininfo
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}
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----
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This shows a node with a blockchain height of 0 blocks and 83999
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This shows a node with a blockchain height of 0 blocks and 83,999
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headers. The node first fetches the block headers from its peers in
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order to find the blockchain with the most proof of work and
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afterward continues to download the full blocks, validating them as it
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@ -638,7 +638,7 @@ restarts. You will find a number of example startup scripts for various
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operating systems in Bitcoin Core's source directory under _contrib/init_ and
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a _README.md_ file showing which system uses which script.
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=== Bitcoin Core Application Programming Interface (API)
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=== Bitcoin Core API
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Bitcoin Core
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implements a JSON-RPC interface that can also be accessed using
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@ -696,7 +696,7 @@ $ bitcoin-cli getblockhash 1000
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The result is a block hash, which is described in more detail in the
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following chapters. But for now, this command should return the same
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result on your system, demonstrating that your Bitcoin Core node is
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running, is accepting commands, and has information about block 1000 to
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running, is accepting commands, and has information about block 1,000 to
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return to you.
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In the next sections we will demonstrate some very useful RPC commands
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@ -707,7 +707,7 @@ and their expected output.
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Bitcoin
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Core provides status reports on different modules through the JSON-RPC
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interface. The most important commands include +getblockchaininfo+,
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+getmempoolinfo+, +getnetworkinfo+ and +getwalletinfo+.
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+getmempoolinfo+, +getnetworkinfo+, and +getwalletinfo+.
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Bitcoin's +getblockchaininfo+ RPC command was introduced earlier. The
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+getnetworkinfo+ command displays basic information about the status of
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@ -757,7 +757,7 @@ Bitcoin network and the settings related to this node.
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It will take some time, perhaps more than a day, for +bitcoind+
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to catch up to the current blockchain height as it downloads blocks from
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other Bitcoin nodes and validates every transaction in those
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blocks--almost a billion transactions as of this writng. You can check
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blocks--almost a billion transactions as of this writing. You can check
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its progress using
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+getblockchaininfo+ to see the number of known blocks. The examples in
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the rest of this chapter assume you're at least at block 775,072.
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@ -955,11 +955,11 @@ blocks have been built on top of it, indicating the difficulty of
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changing any of the transactions in this block. The +height+ tells us
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how many blocks preceeded this block. We see the block's version, the
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time it was created (according to its miner), the median time of the 11
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blocks that preceed this block (a time measurement that's harder for
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blocks that precede this block (a time measurement that's harder for
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miners to manipulate), and the size of the block in three different
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measurements (its legacy stripped size, it's full size, and its size in
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measurements (its legacy stripped size, its full size, and its size in
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weight units). We also see some fields used for security and
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proof-of-work (merkle root, nonce, bits, difficulty, and chainwork);
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proof of work (merkle root, nonce, bits, difficulty, and chainwork);
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we'll examine those in detail in <<mining>>.
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==== Using Bitcoin Core's Programmatic Interface
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@ -990,14 +990,15 @@ This command shows that +curl+ submits an HTTP request to the local host
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submitting a +jsonrpc+ request for the +getblockchaininfo+ method using
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+text/plain+ encoding.
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You might notice that curl will ask for credentials to be sent along
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You might notice that +curl+ will ask for credentials to be sent along
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with the request. Bitcoin Core will create a random password on each
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start and place it in the data directory under the name +.cookie+. The
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+bitcoin-cli+ helper can read this password file given the data
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directory. Similarly, you can copy the password and pass it to curl (or
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any higher level Bitcoin Core RPC wrappers), as seen in <<cookie_auth>>.
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directory. Similarly, you can copy the password and pass it to +curl+ (or
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any higher-level Bitcoin Core RPC wrappers), as seen in <<cookie_auth>>.
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[[cookie_auth]]
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.Using cookie-based authentication with Bitcoin Core
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====
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----
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$ cat .bitcoin/.cookie
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@ -1030,7 +1031,7 @@ call and prints the +block+ parameter from the data returned by Bitcoin
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Core.
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[[rpc_example]]
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.Running getblockchaininfo via Bitcoin Core's JSON-RPC API
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.Running +getblockchaininfo+ via Bitcoin Core's JSON-RPC API
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====
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[source,python]
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----
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@ -1112,7 +1113,7 @@ spot the difference.
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There
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are many alternative clients, libraries, toolkits, and even full-node
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implementations in the bitcoin ecosystem. These are implemented in a
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implementations in the Bitcoin ecosystem. These are implemented in a
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variety of programming languages, offering programmers native interfaces
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in their preferred language.
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@ -1120,7 +1121,7 @@ The following sections list some of the best libraries, clients, and
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toolkits, organized by programming languages.
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==== C/C++
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https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin[Bitcoin Core] :: The reference implementation of bitcoin
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https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin[Bitcoin Core] :: The reference implementation of Bitcoin
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==== JavaScript
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https://bcoin.io/[bcoin]:: A modular and scalable full-node implementation with API
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