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== Preface == Preface
=== Writing the Bitcoin Book === Writing the Bitcoin Book
I first stumbled upon bitcoin in mid-2011. My immediate reaction was more or less "Pfft! Nerd money!" and I ignored it for another six months, failing to grasp its importance. This is a reaction that I have seen repeated among many of the smartest people I know, which gives me some consolation. The second time I came across bitcoin, in a mailing list discussion, I decided to read the white paper written by Satoshi Nakamoto, to study the authoritative source and see what it was all about. I still remember the moment I finished reading those nine pages, when I realized that bitcoin was not simply a digital currency, but a network of trust that could also provide the basis for so much more than just currencies. The realization that "this isn't money, it's a decentralized trust network," started me on a four-month journey to devour every scrap of information about bitcoin I could find. I became obsessed and enthralled, spending 12 or more hours each day glued to a screen, reading, writing, coding, and learning as much as I could. I emerged from this state of fugue, more than 20 pounds lighter from lack of consistent meals, determined to dedicate myself to working on bitcoin. I first stumbled upon bitcoin in mid-2011. My immediate reaction was more or less "Pfft! Nerd money!" and I ignored it for another six months, failing to grasp its importance. This is a reaction that I have seen repeated among many of the smartest people I know, which gives me some consolation. The second time I came across bitcoin, in a mailing list discussion, I decided to read the white paper written by Satoshi Nakamoto, to study the authoritative source and see what it was all about. I still remember the moment I finished reading those nine pages, when I realized that bitcoin was not simply a digital currency, but a network of trust that could also provide the basis for so much more than just currencies. The realization that "this isn't money, it's a decentralized trust network," started me on a four-month journey to devour every scrap of information about bitcoin I could find. I became obsessed and enthralled, spending 12 or more hours each day glued to a screen, reading, writing, coding, and learning as much as I could. I emerged from this state of fugue, more than 20 pounds lighter from lack of consistent meals, determined to dedicate myself to working on bitcoin.
Two years later, after creating a number of small startups to explore various bitcoin-related services and products, I decided that it was time to write my first book. Bitcoin was the topic that had driven me into a frenzy of creativity and consumed my thoughts; it was the most exciting technology I had encountered since the Internet. It was now time to share my passion about this amazing technology with a broader audience. Two years later, after creating a number of small startups to explore various bitcoin-related services and products, I decided that it was time to write my first book. Bitcoin was the topic that had driven me into a frenzy of creativity and consumed my thoughts; it was the most exciting technology I had encountered since the Internet. It was now time to share my passion about this amazing technology with a broader audience.
=== Intended Audience === Intended Audience
This book is mostly intended for coders. If you can use a programming language, this book will teach you how cryptographic currencies work, how to use them, and how to develop software that works with them. The first few chapters are also suitable as an in-depth introduction to bitcoin for noncoders—those trying to understand the inner workings of bitcoin and cryptocurrencies. This book is mostly intended for coders. If you can use a programming language, this book will teach you how cryptographic currencies work, how to use them, and how to develop software that works with them. The first few chapters are also suitable as an in-depth introduction to bitcoin for noncoders—those trying to understand the inner workings of bitcoin and cryptocurrencies.
=== About Early Release books from O'Reilly === Why Are There Bugs on the Cover?
This is an early release copy of __Mastering Bitcoin__'s second edition. The text, figures, and examples are a work in progress, and several chapters are yet to be revised for this edition. We are releasing the book before it is finished because we hope that it is already useful in its current form and because we would love your feedback in order to create the best possible finished product. The leafcutter ant is a species that exhibits highly complex behavior in a colony super-organism, but each individual ant operates on a set of simple rules driven by social interaction and the exchange of chemical scents (pheromones). Per Wikipedia: "Next to humans, leafcutter ants form the largest and most complex animal societies on Earth." Leafcutter ants don't actually eat leaves, but rather use them to farm a fungus, which is the central food source for the colony. Get that? These ants are farming!
If you find any errors or glaring omissions, if you find anything confusing, or if you have any ideas for improving the book, please email the author and editors at bookquestions@oreilly.com Although ants form a caste-based society and have a queen for producing offspring, there is no central authority or leader in an ant colony. The highly intelligent and sophisticated behavior exhibited by a multimillion-member colony is an emergent property from the interaction of the individuals in a social network.
=== Why Are There Bugs on the Cover? Nature demonstrates that decentralized systems can be resilient and can produce emergent complexity and incredible sophistication without the need for a central authority, hierarchy, or complex parts.
The leafcutter ant is a species that exhibits highly complex behavior in a colony super-organism, but each individual ant operates on a set of simple rules driven by social interaction and the exchange of chemical scents (pheromones). Per Wikipedia: "Next to humans, leafcutter ants form the largest and most complex animal societies on Earth." Leafcutter ants don't actually eat leaves, but rather use them to farm a fungus, which is the central food source for the colony. Get that? These ants are farming! Bitcoin is a highly sophisticated decentralized trust network that can support a myriad of financial processes. Yet, each node in the bitcoin network follows a few simple mathematical rules. The interaction between many nodes is what leads to the emergence of the sophisticated behavior, not any inherent complexity or trust in any single node. Like an ant colony, the bitcoin network is a resilient network of simple nodes following simple rules that together can do amazing things without any central coordination.
Although ants form a caste-based society and have a queen for producing offspring, there is no central authority or leader in an ant colony. The highly intelligent and sophisticated behavior exhibited by a multimillion-member colony is an emergent property from the interaction of the individuals in a social network. === Conventions Used in This Book
Nature demonstrates that decentralized systems can be resilient and can produce emergent complexity and incredible sophistication without the need for a central authority, hierarchy, or complex parts. The following typographical conventions are used in this book:
Bitcoin is a highly sophisticated decentralized trust network that can support a myriad of financial processes. Yet, each node in the bitcoin network follows a few simple mathematical rules. The interaction between many nodes is what leads to the emergence of the sophisticated behavior, not any inherent complexity or trust in any single node. Like an ant colony, the bitcoin network is a resilient network of simple nodes following simple rules that together can do amazing things without any central coordination. _Italic_:: Indicates new terms, URLs, email addresses, filenames, and file extensions.
=== Conventions Used in This Book +Constant width+:: Used for program listings, as well as within paragraphs to refer to program elements such as variable or function names, databases, data types, environment variables, statements, and keywords.
The following typographical conventions are used in this book: **`Constant width bold`**:: Shows commands or other text that should be typed literally by the user.
_Italic_:: Indicates new terms, URLs, email addresses, filenames, and file extensions. _++Constant width italic++_:: Shows text that should be replaced with user-supplied values or by values determined by context.
+Constant width+:: Used for program listings, as well as within paragraphs to refer to program elements such as variable or function names, databases, data types, environment variables, statements, and keywords.
[TIP]
**`Constant width bold`**:: Shows commands or other text that should be typed literally by the user. ====
This icon signifies a tip, suggestion, or general note.
_++Constant width italic++_:: Shows text that should be replaced with user-supplied values or by values determined by context. ====
[WARNING]
[TIP] ====
==== This icon indicates a warning or caution.
This icon signifies a tip, suggestion, or general note. ====
====
=== Code Examples
[WARNING]
==== The examples are illustrated in Python, C++, and using the command line of a Unix-like operating system such as Linux or Mac OS X. All code snippets are available in the https://github.com/aantonop/bitcoinbook[GitHub repository] in the _code_ subdirectory of the main repo. Fork the book code, try the code examples, or submit corrections via GitHub.
This icon indicates a warning or caution.
==== All the code snippets can be replicated on most operating systems with a minimal installation of compilers and interpreters for the corresponding languages. Where necessary, we provide basic installation instructions and step-by-step examples of the output of those instructions.
=== Code Examples Some of the code snippets and code output have been reformatted for print. In all such cases, the lines have been split by a backslash (\) character, followed by a newline character. When transcribing the examples, remove those two characters and join the lines again and you should see identical results as shown in the example.
The examples are illustrated in Python, C++, and using the command line of a Unix-like operating system such as Linux or Mac OS X. All code snippets are available in the https://github.com/aantonop/bitcoinbook[GitHub repository] in the _code_ subdirectory of the main repo. Fork the book code, try the code examples, or submit corrections via GitHub. All the code snippets use real values and calculations where possible, so that you can build from example to example and see the same results in any code you write to calculate the same values. For example, the private keys and corresponding public keys and addresses are all real. The sample transactions, blocks, and blockchain references have all been introduced in the actual bitcoin blockchain and are part of the public ledger, so you can review them on any bitcoin system.
All the code snippets can be replicated on most operating systems with a minimal installation of compilers and interpreters for the corresponding languages. Where necessary, we provide basic installation instructions and step-by-step examples of the output of those instructions. === Using Code Examples
Some of the code snippets and code output have been reformatted for print. In all such cases, the lines have been split by a backslash (\) character, followed by a newline character. When transcribing the examples, remove those two characters and join the lines again and you should see identical results as shown in the example. This book is here to help you get your job done. In general, if example code is offered with this book, you may use it in your programs and documentation. You do not need to contact us for permission unless youre reproducing a significant portion of the code. For example, writing a program that uses several chunks of code from this book does not require permission. Selling or distributing a CD-ROM of examples from OReilly books does require permission. Answering a question by citing this book and quoting example code does not require permission. Incorporating a significant amount of example code from this book into your products documentation does require permission.
All the code snippets use real values and calculations where possible, so that you can build from example to example and see the same results in any code you write to calculate the same values. For example, the private keys and corresponding public keys and addresses are all real. The sample transactions, blocks, and blockchain references have all been introduced in the actual bitcoin blockchain and are part of the public ledger, so you can review them on any bitcoin system. We appreciate, but do not require, attribution. An attribution usually includes the title, author, publisher, and ISBN. For example: “_Mastering Bitcoin_ by Andreas M. Antonopoulos (OReilly). Copyright 2015 Andreas M. Antonopoulos, 978-1-449-37404-4.”
=== Using Code Examples Some editions of this book are offered under an open source license, such as CC-BY-NC[https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/], in which case the terms of that license apply.
This book is here to help you get your job done. In general, if example code is offered with this book, you may use it in your programs and documentation. You do not need to contact us for permission unless youre reproducing a significant portion of the code. For example, writing a program that uses several chunks of code from this book does not require permission. Selling or distributing a CD-ROM of examples from OReilly books does require permission. Answering a question by citing this book and quoting example code does not require permission. Incorporating a significant amount of example code from this book into your products documentation does require permission. If you feel your use of code examples falls outside fair use or the permission given above, feel free to contact us at pass:[<a href="mailto:permissions@oreilly.com">permissions@oreilly.com</a>].
We appreciate, but do not require, attribution. An attribution usually includes the title, author, publisher, and ISBN. For example: “_Mastering Bitcoin_ by Andreas M. Antonopoulos (OReilly). Copyright 2015 Andreas M. Antonopoulos, 978-1-449-37404-4.” === Bitcoin addresses and transactions in this book
Some editions of this book are offered under an open source license, such as [CC-BY-NC](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), in which case the terms of that license apply. The bitcoin addresses, transactions, keys, QR codes and blockchain data used in this book are, for the most part, real. That means you can browse the blockchain, look at the transactions offered as examples, retrieve them with your own scripts or programs, etc.
If you feel your use of code examples falls outside fair use or the permission given above, feel free to contact us at pass:[<a href="mailto:permissions@oreilly.com">permissions@oreilly.com</a>]. However, please note that the private keys used to construct addresses are either printed in this book, or have been "burned". That means that if you send money to any of these addresses, the money will either be lost forever, or in some cases everyone who can read the book can take it using the private keys printed in here.
=== Bitcoin addresses and transactions in this book [WARNING]
====
The bitcoin addresses, transactions, keys, QR codes and blockchain data used in this book are, for the most part, real. That means you can browse the blockchain, look at the transactions offered as examples, retrieve them with your own scripts or programs, etc. DO NOT SEND MONEY TO ANY OF THE ADDRESSES IN THIS BOOK. Your money will be taken by another reader, or lost forever.
====
However, please note that the private keys used to construct addresses are either printed in this book, or have been "burned". That means that if you send money to any of these addresses, the money will either be lost forever, or in some cases everyone who can read the book can take it using the private keys printed in here.
=== O'Reilly Safari
[WARNING]
==== [role = "safarienabled"]
DO NOT SEND MONEY TO ANY OF THE ADDRESSES IN THIS BOOK. Your money will be taken by another reader, or lost forever. [NOTE]
==== ====
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[NOTE]
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Please address comments and questions concerning this book to the publisher: <li>Sebastopol, CA 95472</li>
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=== Acknowledgments
Follow us on Twitter: link:$$http://twitter.com/oreillymedia$$[]
This book represents the efforts and contributions of many people. I am grateful for all the help I received from friends, colleagues, and even complete strangers, who joined me in this effort to write the definitive technical book on cryptocurrencies and bitcoin.
Watch us on YouTube: link:$$http://www.youtube.com/oreillymedia$$[]
It is impossible to make a distinction between the bitcoin technology and the bitcoin community, and this book is as much a product of that community as it is a book on the technology. My work on this book was encouraged, cheered on, supported, and rewarded by the entire bitcoin community from the very beginning until the very end. More than anything, this book has allowed me to be part of a wonderful community for two years and I can't thank you enough for accepting me into this community. There are far too many people to mention by name—people I've met at conferences, events, seminars, meetups, pizza gatherings, and small private gatherings, as well as many who communicated with me by Twitter, on reddit, on bitcointalk.org, and on GitHub who have had an impact on this book. Every idea, analogy, question, answer, and explanation you find in this book was at some point inspired, tested, or improved through my interactions with the community. Thank you all for your support; without you this book would not have happened. I am forever grateful.
=== Acknowledgments The journey to becoming an author starts long before the first book, of course. My first language (and schooling) was Greek, so I had to take a remedial English writing course in my first year of university. I owe thanks to Diana Kordas, my English writing teacher, who helped me build confidence and skills that year. Later, as a professional, I developed my technical writing skills on the topic of data centers, writing for _Network World_ magazine. I owe thanks to John Dix and John Gallant, who gave me my first writing job as a columnist at _Network World_ and to my editor Michael Cooney and my colleague Johna Till Johnson who edited my columns and made them fit for publication. Writing 500 words a week for four years gave me enough experience to eventually consider becoming an author. Thanks to Jean de Vera for her early encouragement to become an author and for always believing and insisting that I had a book in me.
This book represents the efforts and contributions of many people. I am grateful for all the help I received from friends, colleagues, and even complete strangers, who joined me in this effort to write the definitive technical book on cryptocurrencies and bitcoin. Thanks also to those who supported me when I submitted my book proposal to O'Reilly, by providing references and reviewing the proposal. Specifically, thanks to John Gallant, Gregory Ness, Richard Stiennon, Joel Snyder, Adam B. Levine, Sandra Gittlen, John Dix, Johna Till Johnson, Roger Ver, and Jon Matonis. Special thanks to Richard Kagan and Tymon Mattoszko, who reviewed early versions of the proposal and Matthew Owain Taylor, who copyedited the proposal.
It is impossible to make a distinction between the bitcoin technology and the bitcoin community, and this book is as much a product of that community as it is a book on the technology. My work on this book was encouraged, cheered on, supported, and rewarded by the entire bitcoin community from the very beginning until the very end. More than anything, this book has allowed me to be part of a wonderful community for two years and I can't thank you enough for accepting me into this community. There are far too many people to mention by name—people I've met at conferences, events, seminars, meetups, pizza gatherings, and small private gatherings, as well as many who communicated with me by Twitter, on reddit, on bitcointalk.org, and on GitHub who have had an impact on this book. Every idea, analogy, question, answer, and explanation you find in this book was at some point inspired, tested, or improved through my interactions with the community. Thank you all for your support; without you this book would not have happened. I am forever grateful. Thanks to Cricket Liu, author of the O'Reilly title _DNS and BIND_, who introduced me to O'Reilly. Thanks also to Michael Loukides and Allyson MacDonald at O'Reilly, who worked for months to help make this book happen. Allyson was especially patient when deadlines were missed and deliverables delayed as life intervened in our planned schedule.
The journey to becoming an author starts long before the first book, of course. My first language (and schooling) was Greek, so I had to take a remedial English writing course in my first year of university. I owe thanks to Diana Kordas, my English writing teacher, who helped me build confidence and skills that year. Later, as a professional, I developed my technical writing skills on the topic of data centers, writing for _Network World_ magazine. I owe thanks to John Dix and John Gallant, who gave me my first writing job as a columnist at _Network World_ and to my editor Michael Cooney and my colleague Johna Till Johnson who edited my columns and made them fit for publication. Writing 500 words a week for four years gave me enough experience to eventually consider becoming an author. Thanks to Jean de Vera for her early encouragement to become an author and for always believing and insisting that I had a book in me. The first few drafts of the first few chapters were the hardest, because bitcoin is a difficult subject to unravel. Every time I pulled on one thread of the bitcoin technology, I had to pull on the whole thing. I repeatedly got stuck and a bit despondent as I struggled to make the topic easy to understand and create a narrative around such a dense technical subject. Eventually, I decided to tell the story of bitcoin through the stories of the people using bitcoin and the whole book became a lot easier to write. I owe thanks to my friend and mentor, Richard Kagan, who helped me unravel the story and get past the moments of writer's block, and Pamela Morgan, who reviewed early drafts of each chapter and asked the hard questions to make them better. Also, thanks to the developers of the San Francisco Bitcoin Developers Meetup group and Taariq Lewis, the group's co-founder, for helping to test the early material.
Thanks also to those who supported me when I submitted my book proposal to O'Reilly, by providing references and reviewing the proposal. Specifically, thanks to John Gallant, Gregory Ness, Richard Stiennon, Joel Snyder, Adam B. Levine, Sandra Gittlen, John Dix, Johna Till Johnson, Roger Ver, and Jon Matonis. Special thanks to Richard Kagan and Tymon Mattoszko, who reviewed early versions of the proposal and Matthew Owain Taylor, who copyedited the proposal. During the development of the book, I made early drafts available on GitHub and invited public comments. More than a hundred comments, suggestions, corrections, and contributions were submitted in response. Those contributions are explicitly acknowledged, with my thanks, in <<github_contrib>>. Thanks also to Andrew Naugler for infographic design.
Thanks to Cricket Liu, author of the O'Reilly title _DNS and BIND_, who introduced me to O'Reilly. Thanks also to Michael Loukides and Allyson MacDonald at O'Reilly, who worked for months to help make this book happen. Allyson was especially patient when deadlines were missed and deliverables delayed as life intervened in our planned schedule. Once the book was drafted, it went through several rounds of technical review. Thanks to Cricket Liu and Lorne Lantz for their thorough review, comments, and support.
The first few drafts of the first few chapters were the hardest, because bitcoin is a difficult subject to unravel. Every time I pulled on one thread of the bitcoin technology, I had to pull on the whole thing. I repeatedly got stuck and a bit despondent as I struggled to make the topic easy to understand and create a narrative around such a dense technical subject. Eventually, I decided to tell the story of bitcoin through the stories of the people using bitcoin and the whole book became a lot easier to write. I owe thanks to my friend and mentor, Richard Kagan, who helped me unravel the story and get past the moments of writer's block, and Pamela Morgan, who reviewed early drafts of each chapter and asked the hard questions to make them better. Also, thanks to the developers of the San Francisco Bitcoin Developers Meetup group and Taariq Lewis, the group's co-founder, for helping to test the early material. Several bitcoin developers contributed code samples, reviews, comments, and encouragement. Thanks to Amir Taaki and Eric Voskuil for example code snippets and many great comments; Vitalik Buterin and Richard Kiss for help with elliptic curve math and code contributions; Gavin Andresen for corrections, comments, and encouragement; Michalis Kargakis for comments, contributions, and btcd writeup; and Robin Inge for errata submissions improving the second print.
During the development of the book, I made early drafts available on GitHub and invited public comments. More than a hundred comments, suggestions, corrections, and contributions were submitted in response. Those contributions are explicitly acknowledged, with my thanks, in <<github_contrib>>. Thanks also to Andrew Naugler for infographic design. I owe my love of words and books to my mother, Theresa, who raised me in a house with books lining every wall. My mother also bought me my first computer in 1982, despite being a self-described technophobe. My father, Menelaos, a civil engineer who just published his first book at 80 years old, was the one who taught me logical and analytical thinking and a love of science and engineering.
Once the book was drafted, it went through several rounds of technical review. Thanks to Cricket Liu and Lorne Lantz for their thorough review, comments, and support. Thank you all for supporting me throughout this journey.
Several bitcoin developers contributed code samples, reviews, comments, and encouragement. Thanks to Amir Taaki and Eric Voskuil for example code snippets and many great comments; Vitalik Buterin and Richard Kiss for help with elliptic curve math and code contributions; Gavin Andresen for corrections, comments, and encouragement; Michalis Kargakis for comments, contributions, and btcd writeup; and Robin Inge for errata submissions improving the second print. [[github_contrib]]
==== Early Release Draft (GitHub Contributions)
I owe my love of words and books to my mother, Theresa, who raised me in a house with books lining every wall. My mother also bought me my first computer in 1982, despite being a self-described technophobe. My father, Menelaos, a civil engineer who just published his first book at 80 years old, was the one who taught me logical and analytical thinking and a love of science and engineering.
Many contributors offered comments, corrections, and additions to the early-release draft on GitHub. Thank you all for your contributions to this book. Following is a list of notable GitHub contributors, including their GitHub ID in parentheses:
Thank you all for supporting me throughout this journey.
* Alex Waters (alexwaters)
[[github_contrib]] * Andrew Donald Kennedy (grkvlt)
==== Early Release Draft (GitHub Contributions) * bitcoinctf
* Bryan Gmyrek (physicsdude)
Many contributors offered comments, corrections, and additions to the early-release draft on GitHub. Thank you all for your contributions to this book. Following is a list of notable GitHub contributors, including their GitHub ID in parentheses: * Casey Flynn (cflynn07)
* Chapman Shoop (belovachap)
* Alex Waters (alexwaters) * Christie D'Anna (avocadobreath)
* Andrew Donald Kennedy (grkvlt) * Cody Scott (Siecje)
* bitcoinctf * coinradar
* Bryan Gmyrek (physicsdude) * Cragin Godley (cgodley)
* Casey Flynn (cflynn07) * dallyshalla
* Chapman Shoop (belovachap) * Diego Viola (diegoviola)
* Christie D'Anna (avocadobreath) * Dirk Jäckel (biafra23)
* Cody Scott (Siecje) * Dimitris Tsapakidis (dimitris-t)
* coinradar * Dmitry Marakasov (AMDmi3)
* Cragin Godley (cgodley) * drstrangeM
* dallyshalla * Ed Eykholt (edeykholt)
* Diego Viola (diegoviola) * Ed Leafe (EdLeafe)
* Dirk Jäckel (biafra23) * Edward Posnak (edposnak)
* Dimitris Tsapakidis (dimitris-t) * Elias Rodrigues (elias19r)
* Dmitry Marakasov (AMDmi3) * Eric Voskuil (evoskuil)
* drstrangeM * Eric Winchell (winchell)
* Ed Eykholt (edeykholt) * Erik Wahlström (erikwam)
* Ed Leafe (EdLeafe) * effectsToCause (vericoin)
* Edward Posnak (edposnak) * Esteban Ordano (eordano)
* Elias Rodrigues (elias19r) * ethers
* Eric Voskuil (evoskuil) * fabienhinault
* Eric Winchell (winchell) * francyi
* Erik Wahlström (erikwam) * Gaurav Rana (bitcoinsSG)
* effectsToCause (vericoin) * genjix
* Esteban Ordano (eordano) * halseth
* ethers * Holger Schinzel (schinzelh)
* fabienhinault * Ioannis Cherouvim (cherouvim)
* francyi * Ish Ot Jr. (ishotjr)
* Gaurav Rana (bitcoinsSG) * James Addison (jayaddison)
* genjix * Jameson Lopp (jlopp)
* halseth * Jason Bisterfeldt (jbisterfeldt)
* Holger Schinzel (schinzelh) * Javier Rojas (fjrojasgarcia)
* Ioannis Cherouvim (cherouvim) * Jeremy Bokobza (bokobza)
* Ish Ot Jr. (ishotjr) * JerJohn15
* James Addison (jayaddison) * Joe Bauers (joebauers)
* Jameson Lopp (jlopp) * joflynn
* Jason Bisterfeldt (jbisterfeldt) * Johnson Lau (jl2012)
* Javier Rojas (fjrojasgarcia) * Jonathan Cross (jonathancross)
* Jeremy Bokobza (bokobza) * Jorgeminator
* JerJohn15 * Kai Bakker (kaibakker)
* Joe Bauers (joebauers) * Mai-Hsuan Chia (mhchia)
* joflynn * Marzig (marzig76)
* Johnson Lau (jl2012) * Maximilian Reichel (phramz)
* Jonathan Cross (jonathancross) * Michalis Kargakis (kargakis)
* Jorgeminator * Michael C. Ippolito (michaelcippolito)
* Kai Bakker (kaibakker) * Mihail Russu (MihailRussu)
* Mai-Hsuan Chia (mhchia) * Minh T. Nguyen (enderminh)
* Marzig (marzig76) * Nagaraj Hubli (nagarajhubli)
* Maximilian Reichel (phramz) * Nekomata (nekomata-3)
* Michalis Kargakis (kargakis) * Robert Furse (Rfurse)
* Michael C. Ippolito (michaelcippolito) * Richard Kiss (richardkiss)
* Mihail Russu (MihailRussu) * Ruben Alexander (hizzvizz)
* Minh T. Nguyen (enderminh) * Sam Ritchie (sritchie)
* Nagaraj Hubli (nagarajhubli) * Sergej Kotliar (ziggamon)
* Nekomata (nekomata-3) * Seiichi Uchida (topecongiro)
* Robert Furse (Rfurse) * Simon de la Rouviere (simondlr)
* Richard Kiss (richardkiss) * Stephan Oeste (Emzy)
* Ruben Alexander (hizzvizz) * takaya-imai
* Sam Ritchie (sritchie) * Thiago Arrais (thiagoarrais)
* Sergej Kotliar (ziggamon) * venzen
* Seiichi Uchida (topecongiro) * Will Binns (wbnns)
* Simon de la Rouviere (simondlr) * wintercooled
* Stephan Oeste (Emzy) * wjx
* takaya-imai * Wojciech Langiewicz (wlk)
* Thiago Arrais (thiagoarrais) * yurigeorgiev4
* venzen
* Will Binns (wbnns)
* wintercooled
* wjx
* Wojciech Langiewicz (wlk)
* yurigeorgiev4