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README.md
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README.md
@ -10,15 +10,9 @@ This repository contains the complete [first edition, second print](https://gith
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If you know how to make a pull request to contribute a fix, please write the correction and use a pull request to submit it for consideration against the [develop branch](https://github.com/bitcoinbook/bitcoinbook/tree/develop). If you are making several changes, please use a separate commit for each to make it easier to cherry-pick or resolve conflicts. Otherwise, please submit an issue, explaining the error or comment. If you would like to contribute extensive changes or new material, please coordinate with the author first; contact information can be found on his web site: https://antonopoulos.com/
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# Reading this book (Where is the PDF?)
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# Reading this book
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To read this book, see [book.asciidoc](https://github.com/bitcoinbook/bitcoinbook/blob/develop/book.asciidoc). Click on each of the chapters to read in your browser. This is not as convenient as reading a PDF or an ebook on your e-reader, for which there is a cost (see below).
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The 2nd edition of "Mastering Bitcoin" is available under a CC-BY-NC-ND license, not a CC-BY-SA license.
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It is deliberately not available as a PDF. Why? Because a PDF is a "derivative" product, which is what the ND prohibits. That's because the publisher (O'Reilly Media) is a for-profit publisher who puts considerable resources behind distributing the book. The book will eventually (within a year of publication) be released under a CC-BY-SA license, at which point the PDF format and translations will be allowed. Until then, making PDF copies violates the license and interferes with the publisher's (and the author's) ability to make a living. Furthermore, if you make it so the publisher can't recoup their investment, they will delay the release into CC-BY-SA.
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Please don't create or distribute PDFs until the license is changed to CC-BY-SA. It is rare for a publisher to even agree to a CC-BY-NC-ND license. Don't make it harder for free culture by violating even that, already generous, license.
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To read this book, see [book.asciidoc](https://github.com/bitcoinbook/bitcoinbook/blob/develop/book.asciidoc). Click on each of the chapters to read in your browser. Other parties may choose to release PDFs of the book online.
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# Published
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@ -38,7 +32,7 @@ The book's source code, found in this repository, is kept synchronized with the
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The tags [Edition1Print1](https://github.com/bitcoinbook/bitcoinbook/releases/tag/Edition1Print1), [Edition1Print2](https://github.com/bitcoinbook/bitcoinbook/releases/tag/Edition1Print2) correspond to the two existing prints of Mastering Bitcoin (First Edition) as published by O'Reilly Media.
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<a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/"><img alt="Creative Commons License" style="border-width:0" src="https://i.creativecommons.org/l/by-sa/4.0/88x31.png" /></a><br /><span xmlns:dct="http://purl.org/dc/terms/" href="http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text" property="dct:title" rel="dct:type">Mastering Bitcoin - First Edition</span> by <a xmlns:cc="http://creativecommons.org/ns#" href="http://antonopoulos.com/" property="cc:attributionName" rel="cc:attributionURL">Andreas M. Antonopoulos LLC</a> is licensed under a <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License</a>.
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<a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/"><img alt="Creative Commons License" style="border-width:0" src="https://i.creativecommons.org/l/by-sa/4.0/88x31.png" /></a><br /><span xmlns:dct="http://purl.org/dc/terms/" href="http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text" property="dct:title" rel="dct:type">Mastering Bitcoin - First Edition</span> by <a xmlns:cc="http://creativecommons.org/ns#" href="https://antonopoulos.com/" property="cc:attributionName" rel="cc:attributionURL">Andreas M. Antonopoulos LLC</a> is licensed under a <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License</a>.
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This "Free Culture" compliant license was approved by my publisher O'Reilly Media (http://oreilly.com), who understands the value of open source. O'Reilly Media is not just the world's best publisher of technical books, but is also a strong supporter of this open culture and the sharing of knowledge.
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@ -46,14 +40,12 @@ Thank you O'Reilly Media!
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## Mastering Bitcoin - Second Edition
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The tags, [second_edition_print_1](https://github.com/bitcoinbook/bitcoinbook/releases/tag/second_edition_print_1) and [second_edition_print2](https://github.com/bitcoinbook/bitcoinbook/releases/tag/second_edition_print2), correspond to the first (June 8th 2017) and second (July 20th 2017) print of Mastering Bitcoin (Second Edition), as published by O'Reilly Media.
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The tags, [second_edition_print_1](https://github.com/bitcoinbook/bitcoinbook/releases/tag/second_edition_print_1) and [second_edition_print2](https://github.com/bitcoinbook/bitcoinbook/releases/tag/second_edition_print2), correspond to the first (June 8th 2017) and second (July 20th 2017) print of Mastering Bitcoin (Second Edition), as published by O'Reilly Media.
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<a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/"><img alt="Creative Commons License" style="border-width:0" src="https://i.creativecommons.org/l/by-nc-nd/4.0/88x31.png" /></a><br /><span xmlns:dct="http://purl.org/dc/terms/" property="dct:title">Mastering Bitcoin - Second Edition</span> by <a xmlns:cc="http://creativecommons.org/ns#" href="https://antonopoulos.com/" property="cc:attributionName" rel="cc:attributionURL">Andreas M. Antonopoulos LLC</a> is licensed under a <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.
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It is expected that the second edition will be released under a CC-BY-SA license within a year of publication.
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<a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/"><img alt="Creative Commons License" style="border-width:0" src="https://i.creativecommons.org/l/by-sa/4.0/88x31.png" /></a><br /><span xmlns:dct="http://purl.org/dc/terms/" href="http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text" property="dct:title" rel="dct:type">Mastering Bitcoin - Second Edition</span> by <a xmlns:cc="http://creativecommons.org/ns#" href="https://antonopoulos.com/" property="cc:attributionName" rel="cc:attributionURL">Andreas M. Antonopoulos LLC</a> is licensed under a <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License</a>.
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# Translations
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If you are interested in translating this book, please join our team of volunteers at: https://www.transifex.com/bitcoinbook/mastering-bitcoin/
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If you are interested in translating this book, please join our team of volunteers at: https://www.transifex.com/aantonop/mastering-bitcoin
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Free copies of "Mastering Bitcoin Open Edition," translated in many languages, can be downloaded from: https://bitcoinbook.info
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@ -32,7 +32,7 @@
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],
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"formats": {
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"pdf": {
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"version": "web",
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"version": "print",
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"toc": true,
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"index": true,
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"antennahouse_version": "AHFormatterV62_64-MR4",
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@ -451,11 +451,6 @@ As we saw in the section <<pubkey>>, a public key is a point (x,y) on an ellipti
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Whereas uncompressed public keys have a prefix of +04+, compressed public keys start with either a +02+ or a +03+ prefix. Let's look at why there are two possible prefixes: because the left side of the equation is __y__^2^, the solution for _y_ is a square root, which can have a positive or negative value. Visually, this means that the resulting _y_ coordinate can be above or below the x-axis. As you can see from the graph of the elliptic curve in <<ecc-curve>>, the curve is symmetric, meaning it is reflected like a mirror by the x-axis. So, while we can omit the _y_ coordinate we have to store the _sign_ of _y_ (positive or negative); or in other words, we have to remember if it was above or below the x-axis because each of those options represents a different point and a different public key. When calculating the elliptic curve in binary arithmetic on the finite field of prime order p, the _y_ coordinate is either even or odd, which corresponds to the positive/negative sign as explained earlier. Therefore, to distinguish between the two possible values of _y_, we store a compressed public key with the prefix +02+ if the _y_ is even, and +03+ if it is odd, allowing the software to correctly deduce the _y_ coordinate from the _x_ coordinate and uncompress the public key to the full coordinates of the point. Public key compression is illustrated in <<pubkey_compression>>.
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[[pubkey_compression]]
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[role="smallerseventy"]
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.Public key compression
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image::images/mbc2_0407.png["pubkey_compression"]
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Here's the same public key generated previously, shown as a compressed public key stored in 264 bits (66 hex digits) with the prefix +03+ indicating the _y_ coordinate is odd:
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----
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@ -464,6 +459,11 @@ K = 03F028892BAD7ED57D2FB57BF33081D5CFCF6F9ED3D3D7F159C2E2FFF579DC341A
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This compressed public key corresponds to the same private key, meaning it is generated from the same private key. However, it looks different from the uncompressed public key. More importantly, if we convert this compressed public key to a bitcoin address using the double-hash function (+RIPEMD160(SHA256(K))+) it will produce a _different_ bitcoin address. This can be confusing, because it means that a single private key can produce a public key expressed in two different formats (compressed and uncompressed) that produce two different bitcoin addresses. However, the private key is identical for both bitcoin addresses.
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[[pubkey_compression]]
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[role="smallerseventy"]
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.Public key compression
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image::images/mbc2_0407.png["pubkey_compression"]
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Compressed public keys are gradually becoming the default across bitcoin clients, which is having a significant impact on reducing the size of transactions and therefore the blockchain. However, not all clients support compressed public keys yet. Newer clients that support compressed public keys have to account for transactions from older clients that do not support compressed public keys. This is especially important when a wallet application is importing private keys from another bitcoin wallet application, because the new wallet needs to scan the blockchain to find transactions corresponding to these imported keys. Which bitcoin addresses should the bitcoin wallet scan for? The bitcoin addresses produced by uncompressed public keys, or the bitcoin addresses produced by compressed public keys? Both are valid bitcoin addresses, and can be signed for by the private key, but they are different addresses!
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To resolve this issue, when private keys are exported from a wallet, the WIF that is used to represent them is implemented differently in newer bitcoin wallets, to indicate that these private keys have been used to produce _compressed_ public keys and therefore _compressed_ bitcoin addresses. This allows the importing wallet to distinguish between private keys originating from older or newer wallets and search the blockchain for transactions with bitcoin addresses corresponding to the uncompressed, or the compressed, public keys, respectively. Let's look at how this works in more detail, in the next section.
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@ -480,6 +480,7 @@ To redeem this, Bob must construct an unlocking script that presents a valid pre
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Without presenting the pre-image, Bob can't get to the part of the script that checks for his signature.
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[role="pagebreak-after"]
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This script can be written with an +IF+ instead:
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.A redeem script with an +IF+ guard clause
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@ -568,7 +569,6 @@ Using this construct, we can build redeem scripts with tens or hundreds of execu
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Here's the redeem script that Mohammed designs to achieve this (line number prefix as XX):
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.Variable Multi-Signature with Timelock
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[source,linenum]
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----
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01 IF
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02 IF
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@ -307,7 +307,7 @@ As you can see in <<generation_tx_example>>, the coinbase transaction has a spec
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| 4 bytes | Output Index | The index number of the UTXO to be spent, first one is 0
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| 1–9 bytes (VarInt) | Unlocking-Script Size | Unlocking-Script length in bytes, to follow
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| Variable | Unlocking-Script | A script that fulfills the conditions of the UTXO locking script
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| 4 bytes | Sequence Number | Currently disabled Tx-replacement feature, set to 0xFFFFFFFF
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| 4 bytes | Sequence Number | Usually set to 0xFFFFFFFF to opt out of BIP 125 and BIP 68
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|=======
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[[table_8-2]]
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@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
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<p>The animal on the cover of <em>Mastering Bitcoin</em> is a leafcutter ant (<em>Atta colombica</em>). The leafcutter ant (a nongeneric name) is a tropical, fungus-growing ant endemic to South and Central America, Mexico, and southern United States. Aside from humans, leafcutter ants form the largest and most complex animal societies on the planet. They are named for the way they chew leaves, which serve as nutrition for their fungal garden.</p>
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<p>Winged ants, both male and female, take part in a mass exit of their nest known as the <em>revoada</em>, or a nuptial flight. Females mate with multiple males to collect the 300 million sperm necessary to set up a colony. Females also store bits of the parental fungus garden mycelium in the infrabuccal pocket located in their oral cavity; they will use this to start their own fungal gardens. Once grounded, the female loses its wings and sets up an underground lair for her colony. The success rate for new queens is low: 2.5% establish a long-lived colony.</p>
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<p>Winged ants, both male and female, take part in a mass exit of their nest known as the <em>revoada</em>, or a nuptial flight. Females mate with multiple males to collect the 300 million sperm necessary to set up a colony. Females also store bits of the parental fungus garden mycelium in the infrabuccal pocket located in their oral cavity; they will use this to start their own fungal gardens. Once grounded, the female loses her wings and sets up an underground lair for her colony. The success rate for new queens is low: 2.5% establish a long-lived colony.</p>
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<p>Once a colony has matured, ants are divided into castes based on size, with each caste performing various functions. There are usually four castes: minims, the smallest workers that tend to the young and fungus gardens; minors, slightly larger than minima, are the first line of defense for the colony and patrol the surrounding terrain and attack enemies; mediae, the general foragers that cut leaves and bring back leaf fragments to the nest; and majors, the largest worker ants that act as soldiers, defending the nest from intruders. Recent research has shown that majors also clear main foraging trails and carry bulky items back to the nest.</p>
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@ -224,7 +224,7 @@ Following is a list of notable GitHub contributors, including their GitHub ID in
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* Lucas Betschart (lclc)
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* Magomed Aliev (30mb1)
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* Mai-Hsuan Chia (mhchia)
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* marcofalke
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* Marco Falke (MarcoFalke)
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* Marzig (marzig76)
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* Matt McGivney (mattmcgiv)
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* Maximilian Reichel (phramz)
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