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@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
=== Bitcoin Core: The Reference Implementation
((("bitcoin client", id="ix_ch03-asciidoc0", range="startofrange")))((("bitcoin client","Bitcoin Core", id="ix_ch03-asciidoc1", range="startofrange")))((("Bitcoin Core client", id="ix_ch03-asciidoc2", range="startofrange")))((("Satoshi client", see="Bitcoin Core client")))You can download the reference client _Bitcoin Core_, also known as the "Satoshi client," from bitcoin.org. The reference client implements all aspects of the bitcoin system, including wallets, a transaction verification engine with a full copy of the entire transaction ledger (block chain), and a full network node in the peer-to-peer bitcoin network.
((("bitcoin client", id="ix_ch03-asciidoc0", range="startofrange")))((("bitcoin client","Bitcoin Core", id="ix_ch03-asciidoc1", range="startofrange")))((("Bitcoin Core client", id="ix_ch03-asciidoc2", range="startofrange")))((("Satoshi client", see="Bitcoin Core client")))You can download the reference client _Bitcoin Core_, also known as the "Satoshi client," from bitcoin.org. The reference client implements all aspects of the bitcoin system, including wallets, a transaction verification engine with a full copy of the entire transaction ledger (blockchain), and a full network node in the peer-to-peer bitcoin network.
On((("bitcoin.org","Bitcoin Core, downloading"))) http://bitcoin.org/en/choose-your-wallet[Bitcoin's Choose Your Wallet page], select Bitcoin Core to download the reference client. Depending on your operating system, you will download an executable installer. For Windows, this is either a ZIP archive or an .exe executable. For Mac OS it is a .dmg disk image. Linux versions include a PPA package for Ubuntu or a tar.gz archive. The bitcoin.org page that lists recommended bitcoin clients is shown in <<bitcoin-choose-client>>.
@ -15,15 +15,15 @@ image::images/msbt_0301.png["bitcoin choose client"]
((("Bitcoin Core client","running")))If you download an installable package, such as an .exe, .dmg, or PPA, you can install it the same way as any application on your operating system. For Windows, run the .exe and follow the step-by-step instructions. For Mac OS, launch the .dmg and drag the Bitcoin-QT icon into your _Applications_ folder. For Ubuntu, double-click the PPA in your File Explorer and it will open the package manager to install the package. Once you have completed installation you should have a new application called Bitcoin-Qt in your application list. Double-click the icon to start the bitcoin client.
The first time you run Bitcoin Core it will start downloading the block chain, a process that might take several days (see <<bitcoin-qt-firstload>>). Leave it running in the background until it displays "Synchronized" and no longer shows "out of sync" next to the balance.
The first time you run Bitcoin Core it will start downloading the blockchain, a process that might take several days (see <<bitcoin-qt-firstload>>). Leave it running in the background until it displays "Synchronized" and no longer shows "out of sync" next to the balance.
[TIP]
====
((("Bitcoin Core client","disk space requirement for")))((("block chains","synchronizing for Bitcoin Core")))((("disk space requirement for Bitcoin Core")))Bitcoin Core keeps a full copy of the transaction ledger (block chain), with every transaction that has ever occurred on the bitcoin network since its inception in 2009. This dataset is several gigabytes in size (approximately 16 GB in late 2013) and is downloaded incrementally over several days. The client will not be able to process transactions or update account balances until the full block chain dataset is downloaded. During that time, the client will display "out of sync" next to the account balances and show "Synchronizing" in the footer. Make sure you have enough disk space, bandwidth, and time to complete the initial synchronization.
((("Bitcoin Core client","disk space requirement for")))((("blockchains","synchronizing for Bitcoin Core")))((("disk space requirement for Bitcoin Core")))Bitcoin Core keeps a full copy of the transaction ledger (blockchain), with every transaction that has ever occurred on the bitcoin network since its inception in 2009. This dataset is several gigabytes in size (approximately 16 GB in late 2013) and is downloaded incrementally over several days. The client will not be able to process transactions or update account balances until the full blockchain dataset is downloaded. During that time, the client will display "out of sync" next to the account balances and show "Synchronizing" in the footer. Make sure you have enough disk space, bandwidth, and time to complete the initial synchronization.
====
[[bitcoin-qt-firstload]]
.Bitcoin Core screen during the block chain initialization
.Bitcoin Core screen during the blockchain initialization
image::images/msbt_0302.png["bitcoin-qt first run"]
@ -254,7 +254,7 @@ rpcpassword=2XA4DuKNCbtZXsBQRRNDEwEY2nM6M4H9Tx5dFjoAVVbK
While you're editing this configuration file, you might want to set a few other options, such as +txindex+ (see <<txindex>>). For a full listing of the available options, type +bitcoind --help+.
Now, run the Bitcoin Core client. The first time you run it, it will rebuild the bitcoin block chain by downloading all the blocks. This is a multigigabyte file and will take an average of two days to download in full. You can shorten the((("blockchains","downloading with bittorrent clients"))) block chain initialization time by downloading a partial copy of the block chain using a BitTorrent client from http://bit.ly/1qkLNyh[SourceForge].
Now, run the Bitcoin Core client. The first time you run it, it will rebuild the bitcoin blockchain by downloading all the blocks. This is a multigigabyte file and will take an average of two days to download in full. You can shorten the((("blockchains","downloading with bittorrent clients"))) blockchain initialization time by downloading a partial copy of the blockchain using a BitTorrent client from http://bit.ly/1qkLNyh[SourceForge].
Run bitcoind in the background with the option +-daemon+:(((range="endofrange", startref="ix_ch03-asciidoc3")))
@ -369,7 +369,7 @@ walletpassphrasechange "oldpassphrase" "newpassphrase"
Commands: +getinfo+
((("Bitcoin Core client","client status, getting")))((("bitcoin-cli command line helper","getinfo command")))((("client status, getting")))((("getinfo command (bitcoin-cli)")))Bitcoin's +getinfo+ RPC command displays basic information about the status of the bitcoin network node, the wallet, and the block chain database. Use +bitcoin-cli+ to run it:
((("Bitcoin Core client","client status, getting")))((("bitcoin-cli command line helper","getinfo command")))((("client status, getting")))((("getinfo command (bitcoin-cli)")))Bitcoin's +getinfo+ RPC command displays basic information about the status of the bitcoin network node, the wallet, and the blockchain database. Use +bitcoin-cli+ to run it:
[source,bash]
----
@ -399,7 +399,7 @@ The data is returned in((("JavaScript Object Notation (JSON)"))) JavaScript Obje
[TIP]
====
It will take some time, perhaps more than a day, for the bitcoind client to "catch up" to the current block chain height as it downloads blocks from other bitcoin clients. You can check its progress using +getinfo+ to see the number of known blocks.
It will take some time, perhaps more than a day, for the bitcoind client to "catch up" to the current blockchain height as it downloads blocks from other bitcoin clients. You can check its progress using +getinfo+ to see the number of known blocks.
====
==== Wallet Setup and Encryption
@ -618,7 +618,7 @@ $ bitcoin-cli gettransaction 9ca8f969bd3ef5ec2a8685660fdbf7a8bd365524c2e1fc66c30
[TIP]
====
Transaction IDs are not authoritative until a transaction has been confirmed. Absence of a transaction hash in the block chain does not mean the transaction was not processed. This is known as((("transaction malleability"))) "transaction malleability," because transaction hashes can be modified prior to confirmation in a block. After confirmation, the txid is immutable and authoritative.
Transaction IDs are not authoritative until a transaction has been confirmed. Absence of a transaction hash in the blockchain does not mean the transaction was not processed. This is known as((("transaction malleability"))) "transaction malleability," because transaction hashes can be modified prior to confirmation in a block. After confirmation, the txid is immutable and authoritative.
====
The transaction form shown with the command +gettransaction+ is the simplified form. To retrieve the full transaction code and decode it, we will use two commands: +getrawtransaction+ and +decoderawtransaction+. First, +getrawtransaction+ takes the _transaction hash (txid)_ as a parameter and returns the full transaction as a "raw" hex string, exactly as it exists on the bitcoin network:
@ -687,7 +687,7 @@ $ bitcoin-cli decoderawtransaction 0100000001d717...388ac00000000
The transaction decode shows all the components of this transaction, including the transaction inputs and outputs. In this case we see that the transaction that credited our new address with 50 millibits used one input and generated two outputs. The input to this transaction was the output from a previously confirmed transaction (shown as the vin txid starting with +d3c7+). The two outputs correspond to the 50 millibit credit and an output with change back to the sender.
We can further explore the block chain by examining the previous transaction referenced by its txid in this transaction using the same commands (e.g., +gettransaction+). Jumping from transaction to transaction we can follow a chain of transactions back as the coins are transmitted from owner address to owner address.
We can further explore the blockchain by examining the previous transaction referenced by its txid in this transaction using the same commands (e.g., +gettransaction+). Jumping from transaction to transaction we can follow a chain of transactions back as the coins are transmitted from owner address to owner address.
Once the transaction we received has been confirmed by inclusion in a block, the +gettransaction+ command will return additional information, showing the _block hash (identifier)_ in which the transaction was included:
@ -784,11 +784,11 @@ $ bitcoin-cli getblock 000000000000000051d2e759c63a26e247f185ecb7926ed7a6624b<?p
"chainwork" : "000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001931d1658fc048<?pdf-cr?>79e466",
"previousblockhash" : "0000000000000000177e61d5f6ba6b9450e0dade9f39c257b4<?pdf-cr?>d48b4941ac77e7",
"nextblockhash" : "0000000000000001239d2c3bf7f4c68a4ca673e434702a57da8fe0<?pdf-cr?>d829a92eb6"
}
</screen>
++++
The block contains 367 transactions and as you can see, the 18th transaction listed (+9ca8f9...+) is the txid of the one crediting 50 millibits to our address. The +height+ entry tells us this is the 286384th block in the block chain.
The block contains 367 transactions and as you can see, the 18th transaction listed (+9ca8f9...+) is the txid of the one crediting 50 millibits to our address. The +height+ entry tells us this is the 286384th block in the blockchain.
We can also retrieve a block by its block height using the +getblockhash+ command, which takes the block height as the parameter and returns the block hash for that block:
@ -831,7 +831,7 @@ $ bitcoin-cli getblock 000000000019d6689c085ae165831e934ff763ae46a2a6c172b3f1<?p
</screen>
++++
The +getblock+, +getblockhash+, and +gettransaction+ commands can be used to explore the block chain database, programmatically.
The +getblock+, +getblockhash+, and +gettransaction+ commands can be used to explore the blockchain database, programmatically.
==== Creating, Signing, and Submitting Transactions Based on Unspent Outputs
@ -1210,7 +1210,7 @@ include::code/pycoin_example.py[]
For examples using the command-line utilities ku and tx, see <<appdxbitcoinimpproposals>>.
==== btcd
((("btcd")))((("clients, alternative","btcd")))btcd is a full-node bitcoin implementation written in((("Go programming language"))) Go. It currently downloads, validates, and serves the block chain using the exact rules (including bugs) for block acceptance as the reference implementation, bitcoind. It also properly relays newly mined blocks, maintains a transaction pool, and relays individual transactions that have not yet made it into a block. It ensures that all individual transactions admitted to the pool follow the rules required into the block chain and also includes the vast majority of the more strict checks that filter transactions based on miner requirements ("standard" transactions).
((("btcd")))((("clients, alternative","btcd")))btcd is a full-node bitcoin implementation written in((("Go programming language"))) Go. It currently downloads, validates, and serves the blockchain using the exact rules (including bugs) for block acceptance as the reference implementation, bitcoind. It also properly relays newly mined blocks, maintains a transaction pool, and relays individual transactions that have not yet made it into a block. It ensures that all individual transactions admitted to the pool follow the rules required into the blockchain and also includes the vast majority of the more strict checks that filter transactions based on miner requirements ("standard" transactions).
One key difference between btcd and bitcoind is that btcd does not include wallet functionality, and this was a very intentional design decision. This means you can't actually make or receive payments directly with btcd. That functionality is provided by the btcwallet and btcgui projects, which are both under active development. Other notable differences between btcd and bitcoind include btcd support for both HTTP POST requests (such as bitcoind) and the preferred Websockets, and the fact that btcd's RPC connections are TLS-enabled by default.