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updating nesting of headings
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@ -147,7 +147,7 @@ simply adding the same value to both sides of the equation:
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[latexmath]
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++++
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\begin{equation}
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K + (123 \times G) == (k + 123) \times G
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K + (123 \times G) =\!\!\!= (k + 123) \times G
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\end{equation}
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++++
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@ -1715,7 +1715,7 @@ transactions, the miners on the "a" chain cannot process it. To them it
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appears to be an invalid block, as its parent "7b" is not recognized as a
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((("consensus rules", "hard forks", "explained", startref="consensus-hard-fork")))((("forks", "hard forks", "explained", startref="forks-hard")))((("hard forks", "explained", startref="hard-forks-ch12")))valid block.
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==== Hard Forks: Software, Network, Mining, and Chain
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===== Hard forks: Software, network, mining, and chain
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For ((("software forks", id="software-fork")))((("network forks", id="network-fork")))((("mining forks", id="mining-fork")))((("chain forks", id="chain-fork")))((("consensus rules", "hard forks", "types of", id="consensus-hard-fork-type")))((("forks", "hard forks", "types of", id="forks-hard-type")))((("hard forks", "types of", id="hard-forks-type")))software
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developers, the term "fork" has another meaning, adding confusion to the
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@ -1776,7 +1776,7 @@ partitioned network will make it so that the miners operating on
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separate consensus rules won't likely receive each other's blocks, as
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they are connected to two separate ((("software forks", startref="software-fork")))((("network forks", startref="network-fork")))((("mining forks", startref="mining-fork")))((("chain forks", startref="chain-fork")))((("consensus rules", "hard forks", "types of", startref="consensus-hard-fork-type")))((("forks", "hard forks", "types of", startref="forks-hard-type")))((("hard forks", "types of", startref="hard-forks-type")))networks.
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==== Diverging Miners and Difficulty
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===== Diverging miners and difficulty
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As miners ((("consensus rules", "hard forks", "difficulty and", id="consensus-hard-fork-difficult")))((("forks", "hard forks", "difficulty and", id="forks-hard-difficult")))((("hard forks", "difficulty and", id="hard-forks-difficult")))((("difficulty", "hard forks and", id="difficulty-hardfork")))diverge into mining two different chains, the
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hashing power is split between the chains. The mining power can be split
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@ -1808,7 +1808,7 @@ or approximately 10 weeks to mine. Assuming a fixed capacity per block,
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this will also result in a reduction of transaction capacity by a factor
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of 5, as there are fewer blocks per hour available to record transactions.
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==== Contentious Hard Forks
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===== Contentious hard forks
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This is ((("consensus rules", "hard forks", "contentious forks")))((("forks", "hard forks", "contentious forks")))((("hard forks", "contentious forks")))((("contentious hard forks")))the dawn of the development of software
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for decentralized consensus. Just as other innovations in development changed both the methods
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@ -1875,7 +1875,7 @@ is a soft fork because a transaction that is valid under BIP65 is also
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valid on any client that is not implementing (ignorant of) BIP65. To
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the old clients, the script contains an NOP code, which is((("consensus rules", "soft forks", "explained", startref="consensus-soft-explain")))((("forks", "soft forks", "explained", startref="fork-soft-explain")))((("soft forks", "explained", startref="soft-fork-explain"))) ignored.
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==== Criticisms of Soft Forks
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===== Criticisms of soft forks
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Soft forks ((("consensus rules", "soft forks", "criticisms of", id="consensus-soft-critic")))((("forks", "soft forks", "criticisms of", id="fork-soft-critic")))((("soft forks", "criticisms of", id="soft-fork-critic")))based on the NOP opcodes are
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relatively uncontroversial. The NOP opcodes were placed in Bitcoin
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@ -1908,7 +1908,7 @@ fork that had to be reversed because of a bug would almost certainly
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lead to loss of funds.
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[[softforksignaling]]
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=== Soft Fork Signaling with Block Version
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===== Soft fork signaling with block version
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Since soft forks allow
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unmodified clients to continue to operate within consensus, one
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@ -1918,7 +1918,7 @@ all miners enforce the new rules, there's no risk of unmodified
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nodes accepting a block that upgraded nodes would reject.
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This mechanism was introduced by BIP34.
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==== BIP34 Signaling and Activation
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===== BIP34: Signaling and activation
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BIP34 used ((("consensus rules", "soft forks", "BIP34 signaling/activation", tertiary-sortas="BIP034", id="consensus-soft-bip34")))((("forks", "soft forks", "BIP34 signaling/activation", tertiary-sortas="BIP034", id="fork-soft-bip34")))((("soft forks", "BIP34 signaling/activation", secondary-sortas="BIP034", id="soft-fork-bip34")))((("signaling", "BIP34", secondary-sortas="BIP034", id="signal-bip34")))((("activation (soft forks)", "BIP34", secondary-sortas="BIP034", id="activation-bip34")))((("BIP34 signaling/activation", primary-sortas="BIP034", id="bip34")))the block version
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field to allow miners to signal readiness for a specific consensus rule
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@ -1975,7 +1975,7 @@ of BIP34 was retired and replaced with ((("consensus rules", "soft forks", "BIP3
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described next.
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[[bip9]]
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==== BIP9 Signaling and Activation
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===== BIP9: Signaling and activation
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The ((("consensus rules", "soft forks", "BIP9 signaling/activation", tertiary-sortas="BIP009", id="consensus-soft-bip9")))((("forks", "soft forks", "BIP9 signaling/activation", tertiary-sortas="BIP009", id="fork-soft-bip9")))((("soft forks", "BIP9 signaling/activation", secondary-sortas="BIP009", id="soft-fork-bip9")))((("signaling", "BIP9", secondary-sortas="BIP009", id="signal-bip9")))((("activation (soft forks)", "BIP9", secondary-sortas="BIP009", id="activation-bip9")))((("BIP9 signaling/activation", primary-sortas="BIP009", id="bip9-ch12")))mechanism used by BIP34, BIP66, and BIP65 was
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successful in activating three soft forks. However, it was replaced
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@ -2073,7 +2073,7 @@ The ((("consensus rules", "soft forks", "BIP9 signaling/activation", tertiary-so
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https://oreil.ly/FoCsz[BIP9
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(Version bits with timeout and delay)].
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=== BIP8: Mandatory Lock-in with Early Activation
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===== BIP8: Mandatory lock-in with early activation
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After((("consensus rules", "soft forks", "BIP8 mandatory lock-in", tertiary-sortas="BIP008", id="consensus-soft-bip8")))((("forks", "soft forks", "BIP8 mandatory lock-in", tertiary-sortas="BIP008", id="fork-soft-bip8")))((("soft forks", "BIP8 mandatory lock-in", secondary-sortas="BIP008", id="soft-fork-bip8")))((("activation (soft forks)", "BIP8", secondary-sortas="BIP008", id="activate-soft-fork-bip8")))((("BIP8 mandatory lock-in", primary-sortas="BIP008", id="bip8")))((("mandatory lock-in", id="mandatory-lockin")))((("lock-in, mandatory", id="lockin-mandatory")))((("segregated witness (segwit)", id="segwit-bip8"))) BIP9 was successfully used for the CSV-related soft fork, the next
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implementation of a soft fork consensus change also attempted to use it
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@ -2126,7 +2126,7 @@ running BIP8. Unfortunately, there's no way to prove what would have
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happened, and so we can't say for sure how much BIP8 contributed to the
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activation of((("consensus rules", "soft forks", "BIP8 mandatory lock-in", tertiary-sortas="BIP008", startref="consensus-soft-bip8")))((("forks", "soft forks", "BIP8 mandatory lock-in", tertiary-sortas="BIP008", startref="fork-soft-bip8")))((("soft forks", "BIP8 mandatory lock-in", secondary-sortas="BIP008", startref="soft-fork-bip8")))((("activation (soft forks)", "BIP8", secondary-sortas="BIP008", startref="activate-soft-fork-bip8")))((("BIP8 mandatory lock-in", primary-sortas="BIP008", startref="bip8")))((("mandatory lock-in", startref="mandatory-lockin")))((("lock-in, mandatory", startref="lockin-mandatory")))((("segregated witness (segwit)", startref="segwit-bip8"))) taproot.
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=== Speedy Trial: Fail Fast or Succeed Eventually
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===== Speedy trial: Fail fast or succeed eventually
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Although ((("consensus rules", "soft forks", "speedy trial activation", id="consensus-soft-speed")))((("forks", "soft forks", "speedy trial activation", id="fork-soft-speed")))((("soft forks", "speedy trial activation", id="soft-fork-speed")))((("speedy trial activation", id="speed-trial")))((("activation (soft forks)", "speedy trial", id="activation-speed")))BIP9 by itself did not seem to result in the activation of
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segwit despite widespread support for the proposal, it was unclear to
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@ -2154,7 +2154,7 @@ a clear success. Others were still disappointed that BIP8 wasn't used.
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It's not clear whether or not speedy trial will be used again for a
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future attempt to activate a ((("consensus rules", "soft forks", "speedy trial activation", startref="consensus-soft-speed")))((("forks", "soft forks", "speedy trial activation", startref="fork-soft-speed")))((("soft forks", "speedy trial activation", startref="soft-fork-speed")))((("speedy trial activation", startref="speed-trial")))((("activation (soft forks)", "speedy trial", startref="activation-speed")))soft fork.
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=== Consensus Software Development
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==== Consensus Software Development
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Consensus software((("consensus rules", "software development")))((("software development for consensus rules")))((("forks", "consensus rule software development"))) continues to evolve, and there is much
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discussion on the various mechanisms for changing the consensus rules.
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