The Bitdefender disassembler

The Bitdefender disassembler (bddisasm) is a lightweight, x86/x64 only instruction decoder. It is easy to integrate, easy to work with, it has no external dependencies, it is thread-safe, it allocates no memory at all, it works in virtually any environment (we use it inside user, kernel, hypervisor, on both Windows and Linux environments), and it provides lots of info regarding the decoded instructions, such as: operands (both explicit and implicit), access mode for each operand, CPUID feature flag, flags access, etc. More examples and info about the project can be found on the official documentation: Bitdefender disassembler

Projects

1. bddisasm - this is the main disassembler project. In order to use the Bitdefender disassembler, all you have to do is build this project, and link with the output library. The only headers you need are located inside the inc folder.

2. bdshemu - this project makes use of the main bddisasm lib in order to build a simple, lightweight, fast, instructions emulator, designated to target shellcodes. This project is also integrated inside the disasmtool, so you can emulate raw binary files, and see their output. Note that this simple emulator supports basic x86/x64 instructions, and does not support emulating any kind of API call. In addition, the only supported memory accesses are inside the shellcode itself, and on the emulated stack.

3. isagenerator - this project contains the instruction definitions and the scripts required to generate the disassembly tables. If you wish to add support for a new instruction, this is the place. This project will automatically generate several header files (instructions.h, mnemonics.h, constants.h, table_*.h), so please make sure you don't manually edit any of these files. You will need Python 3 to run the generation scripts.

4. disasmtool - this project is a command line disassembler tool, used mainly as an example of how to integrate the bddisasm and bdshemu libraries.

5. disasmtool_lix - like disasmtool, but for Linux.

6. pybddisasm - this is the Python binding for the bddisasm project. You will need Python 3 for this.

Objectives

The main objectives of this disassembler are:

1. Lightweight - it's written in C, with no external dependencies, no memory allocated, and thread safe by design.
2. Fast - less than 300 CPU clocks on an Intel Core i7-8650U per decoded instruction (more than 7M instructions per second).
3. Resilient - tested against internal fuzzers and the famous mishegos tool.
4. Easy to work with - just include the main header file, bddisasm.h, link with the bddisasm library, and call the NdDecode API!
5. Complete - support every x86 instruction to date, and provide as much information as possible.

Build and install

Windows

In order to build the projects on Windows you need:

• Visual Studio 2019 with the Desktop development with C++ workload.
• Windows SDK 10.0.18362.0.
• Python 3.7 or newer

When you first open the solution Visual Studio should prompt you to install any missing components. This should be enough to build bddisasm, disasmtool and bdshemu for the Debug and Release configurations.

For the DebugKernel and ReleaseKernel configurations, WDK 1903 is needed, alongside the Windows Driver Kit Visual Studio extension (the WDK installer should take care of this).

For isagenerator, Python 3 is needed.

Building any of the projects is done directly from Visual Studio.

The results will be in the bin directory in the root of the repository.

Linux

In order to build the projects on Linux you need:

• gcc
• make
• cmake 3.12 or newer (optional)

Building and installing with make

In order to build bddisasm and bdshemu run make in the root of the repository. The results will be placed in the bin directory.

In order to install bddisasm and bdshemu run make install.

Building and installing with cmake

mkdir build
cd build

cmake ..

make
make install

Note that the current install behavior differs based on how the installation is done. When using make, the bdshemu.h header is placed by default in include/bddisasm/bdshemu in your install location, while the cmake method will place it in include/bddisasm. Using cmake also provides support for pkg-config.

Building disasmtool_lix

For disasmtool_lix you also need:

• g++
• cmake 3.12 or newer
• RapidJSON

In order to build disasmtool_lix go to the disasmtool_lix directory and run make. The results will be in the bin directory in the disasmtool_lix/build directory.

Decoding instructions

Decoding API

There are 4 decoding functions, but internally, they all do the same, albeit some of them with implicit arguments:

• NDSTATUS NdDecode(INSTRUX *Instrux, const uint8_t *Code, uint8_t DefCode, uint8_t DefData) - this API should be used only if you don't care about the length of the input buffer;
• NDSTATUS NdDecodeEx(INSTRUX *Instrux, const uint8_t *Code, size_t Size, uint8_t DefCode, uint8_t DefData); - decode instruction from a buffer with maximum length Size;
• NDSTATUS NdDecodeEx2(INSTRUX *Instrux, const uint8_t *Code, size_t Size, uint8_t DefCode, uint8_t DefData, uint8_t DefStack, uint8_t PreferedVendor); - decode instructions with a preferred vendor;
• NDSTATUS NdDecodeWithContext(INSTRUX *Instrux, const uint8_t *Code, size_t Size, ND_CONTEXT *Context); - base decode API; the input parameters - DefCode, DefData, DefStack, VendMode and FeatMode must all be filled in the Context structure before calling this function. The Context structure should also be initialized using NdInitContext before the first decode call.

Note that by default, the default vendor ND_VEND_ANY is used for decoding (which means that bddisasm will try to decode as much as possible). Also, the default features mask is ND_FEAT_ALL, meaning that bddisasm will optimistically try to decode instructions which are mapped onto the wide NOP space as well (for example, MPX or CET). If these parameters must be changed, it is advised to use the NdDecodeWithContext API.

Converting decoded instructions to textual disassembly must be done using the NdToText API. bddisasm only supports Intel, masm-style syntax.

Example

Working with bddisasm is very easy. Decoding and printing the disassembly of an instruction is quick & simple:

#include <stdio.h>
#include "bddisasm/disasmtypes.h"
#include "bddisasm/bddisasm.h"

int nd_vsnprintf_s(
    char *buffer,
    size_t sizeOfBuffer,
    size_t count,
    const char *format,
    va_list argptr
    )
{
    return vsnprintf(buffer, sizeOfBuffer, format, argptr);
}

void* nd_memset(void *s, int c, size_t n)
{
    return memset(s, c, n);
}


int main()
{
    INSTRUX ix;
    uint8_t code[] = { 0x48, 0x8B, 0x48, 0x28 };

    NDSTATUS status = NdDecodeEx(&ix, code, sizeof(code), ND_CODE_64, ND_DATA_64);

    // Check if decoding failed.
    if (!ND_SUCCESS(status))
    {
        printf("Decode failed with error %x!\n", status);
        return -1;
    }

    // Checking if the instruction is a MOV.
    if (ix.Instruction == ND_INS_MOV)
    {
        printf("The instruction is mov!\n");
    }

    // Checking if memory is read by the instruction.
    if (!!(ix.MemoryAccess & ND_ACCESS_ANY_READ))
    {
        printf("The instruction reads memory!\n");
    }

    // Checking if the destination is the RCX register.
    if (ND_IS_OP_REG(&ix.Operands[0], ND_REG_GPR, 8, NDR_RCX))
    {
        printf("The first op is RCX!\n");
    }

    // Checking if the source is memory.
    if (ix.Operands[1].Type == ND_OP_MEM)
    {
        printf("Source is memory!\n");

        if (ix.Operands[1].Info.Memory.HasSeg)
        {
            printf("    Segment reg: %d\n", ix.Operands[1].Info.Memory.Seg);
        }

        if (ix.Operands[1].Info.Memory.HasBase)
        {
            printf("    Base reg: %d\n", ix.Operands[1].Info.Memory.Base);
        }

        if (ix.Operands[1].Info.Memory.HasIndex)
        {
            printf("    Index reg: %d, scale: %d\n", ix.Operands[1].Info.Memory.Index, ix.Operands[1].Info.Memory.Scale);
        }

        if (ix.Operands[1].Info.Memory.HasDisp)
        {
            printf("    Displacement: 0x%llx\n", ix.Operands[1].Info.Memory.Disp);
        }
    }

    // Create the text disassembly for this instruction.
    char text[ND_MIN_BUF_SIZE];

    NdToText(&ix, 0, sizeof(text), text);

    printf("Instruction: %s\n", text);

    return 0;
}

Working with the extended API is also trivial:

    INSTRUX ix;
    ND_CONTEXT ctx;
    uint8_t code[] = { 0x48, 0x8B, 0x48, 0x28 };
    
    // This has to be done only once.
    NdInitContext(&ctx);
    
    ctx.DefCode = ND_CODE_64;
    ctx.DefData = ND_DATA_64;
    ctx.DefStack = ND_STACK_64;
    ctx.VendMode = ND_VEND_ANY;
    ctx.FeatMode = ND_FEAT_ALL; // Use ND_FEAT_NONE, if you wish to see NOPs instead of MPX/CET/CLDEMOTE instructions.

    // From here one, the ctx can be reused for any number of NdDecodeWithContext calls.
    NDSTATUS status = NdDecodeWithContext(&ix, code, sizeof(code), &ctx);
    ...

Credits

The entire Bitdefender HVI team.