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Better backup and testing instructions
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README.md
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README.md
@ -29,15 +29,11 @@ If you have a comment or suggestion, please open an [issue](https://github.com/d
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* [Encryption](#encryption-1)
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* [Authentication](#authentication-1)
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- [Verify card](#verify-card)
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- [Export public key](#export-public-key)
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- [Cleanup](#cleanup)
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- [Using keys](#using-keys)
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- [Import public key](#import-public-key)
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* [Trust master key](#trust-master-key)
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- [Insert YubiKey](#insert-yubikey)
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- [Encryption](#encryption-2)
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- [Decryption](#decryption)
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- [Signing](#signing-2)
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- [Verifying signature](#verifying-signature)
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- [SSH](#ssh)
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* [Create configuration](#create-configuration)
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@ -64,70 +60,133 @@ If you have a comment or suggestion, please open an [issue](https://github.com/d
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All YubiKeys except the blue "security key" model are compatible with this guide. NEO models are limited to 2048-bit RSA keys. See [Compare YubiKeys](https://www.yubico.com/products/yubikey-hardware/compare-yubikeys/).
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Consider purchasing a pair of YubiKeys, programming both, and storing one in a safe secondary location, in case of loss or damage to the first key.
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You will also need several small storage devices for booting a live image, creating backups of private and public keys.
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# Verify YubiKey
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To confirm your YubiKey is genuine open a [browser with U2F support](https://support.yubico.com/support/solutions/articles/15000009591-how-to-confirm-your-yubico-device-is-genuine-with-u2f) and go to [https://www.yubico.com/genuine/](https://www.yubico.com/genuine/). Insert your Yubico device, and click `Verify Device` to begin the process. Touch the YubiKey when prompted, and if asked, allow it to see the make and model of the device. If you see `Verification complete`, your device is authentic.
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To confirm your YubiKey is genuine, open a [browser with U2F support](https://support.yubico.com/support/solutions/articles/15000009591-how-to-confirm-your-yubico-device-is-genuine-with-u2f) to [https://www.yubico.com/genuine/](https://www.yubico.com/genuine/). Insert your Yubico device, and select Verify Device` to begin the process. Touch the YubiKey when prompted, and if asked, allow it to see the make and model of the device. If you see `Verification complete`, your device is authentic.
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This website verifies the YubiKey's device attestation certificates signed by a set of Yubico CAs, and helps mitigate [supply chain attacks](https://media.defcon.org/DEF%20CON%2025/DEF%20CON%2025%20presentations/DEFCON-25-r00killah-and-securelyfitz-Secure-Tokin-and-Doobiekeys.pdf).
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# Live image
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It is recommended to generate cryptographic keys and configure YubiKey from a secure environment to minimize exposure. One way to do that is by downloading and booting to a [Debian Live](https://www.debian.org/CD/live/) or [Tails](https://tails.boum.org/index.en.html) image loaded from a USB drive into memory.
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It is recommended to generate cryptographic keys and configure YubiKey from a secure operating system and ephemeral environment, such as [Debian Live](https://www.debian.org/CD/live/) or [Tails](https://tails.boum.org/index.en.html).
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Download the latest image and verify its integrity:
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To use Debian, download the latest live image:
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```console
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$ curl -LfO https://cdimage.debian.org/debian-cd/current-live/amd64/iso-hybrid/debian-live-9.9.0-amd64-xfce.iso
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$ curl -LfO https://cdimage.debian.org/debian-cd/current-live/amd64/iso-hybrid/SHA512SUMS
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$ curl -LfO https://cdimage.debian.org/debian-cd/current-live/amd64/iso-hybrid/SHA512SUMS.sign
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```
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Verify file integrity with GPG:
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```console
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$ gpg --verify SHA512SUMS.sign SHA512SUMS
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gpg: Signature made Sat Apr 27 11:46:08 2019 PDT
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gpg: using RSA key DF9B9C49EAA9298432589D76DA87E80D6294BE9B
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gpg: Can't check signature: No public key
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$ gpg --recv DF9B9C49EAA9298432589D76DA87E80D6294BE9B
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gpg: key 0xDA87E80D6294BE9B: 61 signatures not checked due to missing keys
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gpg: key 0xDA87E80D6294BE9B: public key "Debian CD signing key <debian-cd@lists.debian.org>" imported
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gpg: marginals needed: 3 completes needed: 1 trust model: pgp
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gpg: depth: 0 valid: 1 signed: 0 trust: 0-, 0q, 0n, 0m, 0f, 1u
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gpg: Total number processed: 1
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gpg: imported: 1
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$ gpg --verify SHA512SUMS.sign SHA512SUMS
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[...]
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gpg: Signature made Sat Apr 27 11:46:08 2019 PDT
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gpg: using RSA key DF9B9C49EAA9298432589D76DA87E80D6294BE9B
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gpg: Good signature from "Debian CD signing key <debian-cd@lists.debian.org>" [unknown]
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[...]
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gpg: WARNING: This key is not certified with a trusted signature!
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gpg: There is no indication that the signature belongs to the owner.
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Primary key fingerprint: DF9B 9C49 EAA9 2984 3258 9D76 DA87 E80D 6294 BE9B
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$ grep $(sha512sum debian-live-9.9.0-amd64-xfce.iso) SHA512SUMS
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SHA512SUMS:ae064cc399126214e4aa165fdbf9659047dd2af2d3b0ca57dd5f2686d1d3730019cfe3c56ac48db2af56eb856dbca75e642fadf56bc04c538b44d3d3a2982283 debian-live-9.9.0-amd64-xfce.iso
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```
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Mount a USB disk and copy the image over to it:
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If the key cannot be received, try changing your DNS resolver and/or specific keyserver:
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```console
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$ sudo dd if=debian-live-9.9.0-amd64-xfce.iso of=/dev/sdc bs=4M && sync
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$ gpg --keyserver hkps://keyserver.ubuntu.com:443 --recv DF9B9C49EAA9298432589D76DA87E80D6294BE9B
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```
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Mount a storage device and copy the image to it:
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**Linux**
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```console
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$ sudo dmesg | tail
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usb-storage 3-2:1.0: USB Mass Storage device detected
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scsi host2: usb-storage 3-2:1.0
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scsi 2:0:0:0: Direct-Access TS-RDF5 SD Transcend TS3A PQ: 0 ANSI: 6
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sd 2:0:0:0: Attached scsi generic sg1 type 0
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sd 2:0:0:0: [sdb] 31116288 512-byte logical blocks: (15.9 GB/14.8 GiB)
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sd 2:0:0:0: [sdb] Write Protect is off
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sd 2:0:0:0: [sdb] Mode Sense: 23 00 00 00
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sd 2:0:0:0: [sdb] Write cache: disabled, read cache: enabled, doesn't support DPO or FUA
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sdb: sdb1 sdb2
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sd 2:0:0:0: [sdb] Attached SCSI removable disk
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$ sudo dd if=debian-live-9.9.0-amd64-xfce.iso of=/dev/sdb bs=4M
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465+1 records in
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465+1 records out
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1951432704 bytes (2.0 GB, 1.8 GiB) copied, 42.8543 s, 45.5 MB/s
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```
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**OpenBSD**
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```console
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$ dmesg | tail -n2
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sd2 at scsibus4 targ 1 lun 0: <TS-RDF5, SD Transcend, TS3A> SCSI4 0/direct removable serial.0000000000000
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sd2: 15193MB, 512 bytes/sector, 31116288 sectors
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$ doas dd if=debian-live-9.9.0-amd64-xfce.iso of=/dev/rsd2c bs=4m
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465+1 records in
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465+1 records out
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1951432704 bytes transferred in 139.125 secs (14026448 bytes/sec)
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```
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Shut down the computer and disconnect any hard drives and unnecessary peripheral devices.
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Plug in the USB disk and boot to the live image. Configure networking to continue. If the screen locks, unlock with user/live.
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Consider using secure hardware like a ThinkPad X230 running [Coreboot](https://www.coreboot.org/) and cleaned of [Intel ME](https://github.com/corna/me_cleaner).
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# Required software
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Install several packages required for the following steps:
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Boot the live image and configure networking.
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**Note** If the screen locks, unlock with credentials: user/live.
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Open the terminal and install several required packages:
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**Debian/Ubuntu**
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```console
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$ sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install -y \
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curl gnupg2 gnupg-agent \
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cryptsetup scdaemon pcscd \
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yubikey-personalization \
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dirmngr \
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secure-delete \
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hopenpgp-tools
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curl gnupg2 gnupg-agent dirmngr \
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cryptsetup scdaemon pcscd \
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yubikey-personalization \
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secure-delete hopenpgp-tools
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```
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**Arch Linux**
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**Arch**
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```console
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$ sudo pacman -Syu gnupg2 pcsclite ccid yubikey-personalization hopenpgp-tools
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$ sudo pacman -Syu \
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gnupg2 pcsclite ccid \
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yubikey-personalization hopenpgp-tools
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```
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**RHEL7**
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```console
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$ sudo yum install -y gnupg2 pinentry-curses pcsc-lite pcsc-lite-libs gnupg2-smime
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$ sudo yum install -y \
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gnupg2 pinentry-curses pcsc-lite pcsc-lite-libs gnupg2-smime
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```
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**OpenBSD**
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@ -148,55 +207,60 @@ $ brew install gnupg yubikey-personalization hopenpgp-tools ykman pinentry-mac
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Download and install [Gpg4Win](https://www.gpg4win.org/) and [PuTTY](https://putty.org).
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**Note** You may also need more recent versions of [yubikey-personalization](https://developers.yubico.com/yubikey-personalization/Releases/) and [yubico-c](https://developers.yubico.com/yubico-c/Releases/).
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You may also need more recent versions of [yubikey-personalization](https://developers.yubico.com/yubikey-personalization/Releases/) and [yubico-c](https://developers.yubico.com/yubico-c/Releases/).
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## Entropy
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Generating keys will require a lot of randomness. To check the available bits of entropy available on Linux:
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Generating cryptographic keys requires high-quality [randomness](https://www.random.org/randomness/), measured as entropy.
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To check the available entropy available on Linux:
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```console
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$ cat /proc/sys/kernel/random/entropy_avail
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849
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```
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**Optional** A hardware random number generator like [OneRNG](http://onerng.info/onerng/) will increase the speed of entropy generation and possibly its quality. To install and configure OneRNG:
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Most operating systems use software-based pseudorandom number generators. A hardware random number generator like [OneRNG](http://onerng.info/onerng/) will [increase the speed](https://lwn.net/Articles/648550/) of entropy generation and possibly the quality.
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Plug in the device, then install and configure OneRNG software:
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```console
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$ sudo apt-get install -y rng-tools at python-gnupg openssl
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$ sudo apt-get install -y \
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at rng-tools python-gnupg openssl
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$ curl -LfO https://github.com/OneRNG/onerng.github.io/raw/master/sw/onerng_3.6-1_all.deb
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$ sha256sum onerng_3.6-1_all.deb
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a9ccf7b04ee317dbfc91518542301e2d60ebe205d38e80563f29aac7cd845ccb
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a9ccf7b04ee317dbfc91518542301e2d60ebe205d38e80563f29aac7cd845ccb onerng_3.6-1_all.deb
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$ sudo dpkg -i onerng_3.6-1_all.deb
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$ echo "HRNGDEVICE=/dev/ttyACM0" | sudo tee /etc/default/rng-tools
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$ sudo atd
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$ sudo service rng-tools restart
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```
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If the service fails to start, kick off `atd` and try again:
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```console
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$ sudo atd ; sudo service rng-tools restart
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```
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Plug in the OneRNG and empty `/dev/random` - the light on the device should dim briefly. Verify the available entropy pool is re-seeded.
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Test by emptying `/dev/random` - the light on the device should dim briefly:
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```console
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$ cat /dev/random >/dev/null
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[Control-C]
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[Press Control-C]
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```
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Verify the available entropy pool is re-seeded:
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```console
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$ cat /proc/sys/kernel/random/entropy_avail
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3049
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```
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An entropy pool value greater than 3000 is sufficient.
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An entropy pool value greater than 2000 is sufficient.
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# Creating keys
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Create a temporary directory which will be deleted on [reboot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tmpfs):
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Create a temporary directory which will be cleared on [reboot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tmpfs):
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```console
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$ export GNUPGHOME=$(mktemp -d) ; echo $GNUPGHOME
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@ -234,7 +298,9 @@ Disable networking for the remainder of the setup.
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# Master key
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The first key to generate is the master key. It will be used for certification only - to issue subkeys that are used for encryption, signing and authentication. This master key should be kept offline at all times and only accessed to revoke or issue new subkeys.
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The first key to generate is the master key. It will be used for certification only: to issue subkeys that are used for encryption, signing and authentication.
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**Important** The master key should be kept offline at all times and only accessed to revoke or issue new subkeys.
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You'll be prompted to enter and verify a passphrase - keep it handy as you'll need it throughout. To generate a strong passphrase which could be written down in a hidden or secure place; or memorized:
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@ -243,7 +309,11 @@ $ gpg --gen-random -a 0 24
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ydOmByxmDe63u7gqx2XI9eDgpvJwibNH
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```
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Generate a new key with GPG, selecting `(8) RSA (set your own capabilities)`, `Certify`-only and `4096` bit keysize. Do not set the key to expire - see [Note #3](#notes).
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On Linux, select the password with your mouse to copy it to the clipboard and paste using the middle mouse button or `Shift`-`Insert`.
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Generate a new key with GPG, selecting `(8) RSA (set your own capabilities)`, `Certify` capability only and `4096` bit key size.
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Do not set the master key to expire - see [Note #3](#notes).
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```console
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$ gpg --expert --full-generate-key
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@ -302,7 +372,11 @@ Please specify how long the key should be valid.
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Key is valid for? (0) 0
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Key does not expire at all
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Is this correct? (y/N) y
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```
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Select a name and email address - neither has to be valid nor existing.
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```console
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GnuPG needs to construct a user ID to identify your key.
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Real name: Dr Duh
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@ -317,21 +391,18 @@ We need to generate a lot of random bytes. It is a good idea to perform
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some other action (type on the keyboard, move the mouse, utilize the
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disks) during the prime generation; this gives the random number
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generator a better chance to gain enough entropy.
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gpg: /tmp.FLZC0xcM/trustdb.gpg: trustdb created
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gpg: key 0xFF3E7D88647EBCDB marked as ultimately trusted
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gpg: directory '/tmp.FLZC0xcM/openpgp-revocs.d' created
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gpg: revocation certificate stored as '/tmp.FLZC0xcM/openpgp-revocs.d/011CE16BD45B27A55BA8776DFF3E7D88647EBCDB.rev'
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public and secret key created and signed.
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Note that this key cannot be used for encryption. You may want to use
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the command "--edit-key" to generate a subkey for this purpose.
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pub rsa4096/0xFF3E7D88647EBCDB 2017-10-09 [C]
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Key fingerprint = 011C E16B D45B 27A5 5BA8 776D FF3E 7D88 647E BCDB
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uid Dr Duh <doc@duh.to>
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```
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As of GPG [version 2.1](https://www.gnupg.org/faq/whats-new-in-2.1.html#autorev), a revocation certificate is automatically generated at this time.
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Export the key ID as a [variable](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/1158091/defining-a-variable-with-or-without-export/1158231#1158231) (`KEYID`) for use later:
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```console
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@ -340,7 +411,7 @@ $ export KEYID=0xFF3E7D88647EBCDB
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# Subkeys
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Edit the Master key to add subkeys:
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Edit the master key to add sub-keys:
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```console
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$ gpg --expert --edit-key $KEYID
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@ -353,9 +424,9 @@ sec rsa4096/0xEA5DE91459B80592
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[ultimate] (1). Dr Duh <doc@duh.to>
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```
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Use 4096-bit keysize - or 2048-bit on NEO.
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Use 4096-bit key sizes.
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Use a 1 year expiration - it can always be renewed using the offline Master certification key.
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Use a 1 year or shorter expiration - keys can always be renewed using the offline master key.
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## Signing
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@ -557,9 +628,9 @@ ssb rsa4096/0x5912A795E90DD2CF 2017-10-09 [E] [expires: 2018-10-09]
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ssb rsa4096/0x3F29127E79649A3D 2017-10-09 [A] [expires: 2018-10-09]
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```
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**Optional** Add any additional identities or email addresses now using the `adduid` command.
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Add any additional identities or email addresses you wish to associate using the `adduid` command.
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To verify with OpenPGP key checks, use the automated [key best practice checker](https://riseup.net/en/security/message-security/openpgp/best-practices#openpgp-key-checks):
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**Optional** Verify with OpenPGP key checks, use the automated [key best practice checker](https://riseup.net/en/security/message-security/openpgp/best-practices#openpgp-key-checks):
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```console
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$ gpg --export $KEYID | hokey lint
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@ -571,7 +642,7 @@ The output will display any problems with your key in red text. If everything is
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# Export keys
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The Master and subkeys will be encrypted with your passphrase when exported.
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The master key and sub-keys will be encrypted with your passphrase when exported.
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Save a copy of your keys:
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@ -591,41 +662,37 @@ $ gpg --armor --export-secret-subkeys $KEYID -o \path\to\dir\sub.gpg
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# Backup keys
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Once GPG keys are moved to YubiKey, they cannot be extracted again!
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Make sure you have made an **encrypted** backup before proceeding. An encrypted USB drive or container can be made using [VeraCrypt](https://www.veracrypt.fr/en/Downloads.html).
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Also consider using a [paper copy](https://www.jabberwocky.com/software/paperkey/) of the keys as an additional backup measure.
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Once GPG keys are moved to YubiKey, they cannot be moved again! Create an **encrypted** backup of the keyring and consider using a [paper copy](https://www.jabberwocky.com/software/paperkey/) of the keys as an additional backup.
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**Linux**
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Attach a USB disk and check its label:
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Attach another external storage device and check its label:
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||||
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||||
```console
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$ sudo dmesg | tail
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scsi8 : usb-storage 2-1:1.0
|
||||
usbcore: registered new interface driver usb-storage
|
||||
scsi 8:0:0:0: USB 0: 0 ANSI: 6
|
||||
sd 8:0:0:0: Attached scsi generic sg4 type 0
|
||||
sd 8:0:0:0: [sde] 62980096 512-byte logical blocks: (32.2 GB/30.0 GiB)
|
||||
sd 8:0:0:0: [sde] Write Protect is off
|
||||
sd 8:0:0:0: [sde] Mode Sense: 43 00 00 00
|
||||
sd 8:0:0:0: [sde] Attached SCSI removable disk
|
||||
usb-storage 4-2:1.0: USB Mass Storage device detected
|
||||
scsi host7: usb-storage 4-2:1.0
|
||||
scsi 7:0:0:0: Direct-Access TS-RDF5 SD Transcend TS37 PQ: 0 ANSI: 6
|
||||
sd 7:0:0:0: Attached scsi generic sg1 type 0
|
||||
sd 7:0:0:0: [sdb] 31116288 512-byte logical blocks: (15.9 GB/14.8 GiB)
|
||||
sd 7:0:0:0: [sdb] Write Protect is off
|
||||
sd 7:0:0:0: [sdb] Mode Sense: 23 00 00 00
|
||||
sd 7:0:0:0: [sdb] Write cache: disabled, read cache: enabled, doesn't support DPO or FUA
|
||||
sdb: sdb1
|
||||
sd 7:0:0:0: [sdb] Attached SCSI removable disk
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Check the size to make sure it's the right device:
|
||||
Write it with random data to prepare for encryption:
|
||||
|
||||
```console
|
||||
$ sudo fdisk -l /dev/sde
|
||||
Disk /dev/sde: 30 GiB, 32245809152 bytes, 62980096 sectors
|
||||
/dev/sde1 2048 62980095 62978048 30G 6 FAT16
|
||||
$ sudo dd if=/dev/urandom of=/dev/sdb bs=4M
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Erase and create a new partition table:
|
||||
|
||||
```console
|
||||
$ sudo fdisk /dev/sde
|
||||
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.25.2).
|
||||
$ sudo fdisk /dev/sdb
|
||||
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.29.2).
|
||||
|
||||
Command (m for help): o
|
||||
Created a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0xeac7ee35.
|
||||
@ -636,22 +703,22 @@ Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
|
||||
Syncing disks.
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Remove and reinsert the USB drive, then create a new partition, selecting defaults:
|
||||
Create a new partition with a 10 Megabyte size:
|
||||
|
||||
```console
|
||||
$ sudo fdisk /dev/sde
|
||||
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.25.2).
|
||||
$ sudo fdisk /dev/sdb
|
||||
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.29.2).
|
||||
|
||||
Command (m for help): n
|
||||
Partition type
|
||||
p primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free)
|
||||
e extended (container for logical partitions)
|
||||
Select (default p): p
|
||||
Partition number (1-4, default 1): 1
|
||||
Select (default p):
|
||||
Partition number (1-4, default 1):
|
||||
First sector (2048-62980095, default 2048):
|
||||
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G,T,P} (2048-62980095, default 62980095):
|
||||
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G,T,P} (2048-62980095, default 62980095): +10M
|
||||
|
||||
Created a new partition 1 of type 'Linux' and of size 30 GiB.
|
||||
Created a new partition 1 of type 'Linux' and of size 10 MiB.
|
||||
|
||||
Command (m for help): w
|
||||
The partition table has been altered.
|
||||
@ -662,11 +729,11 @@ Syncing disks.
|
||||
Use [LUKS](https://askubuntu.com/questions/97196/how-secure-is-an-encrypted-luks-filesystem) to encrypt the new partition:
|
||||
|
||||
```console
|
||||
$ sudo cryptsetup luksFormat /dev/sde1
|
||||
$ sudo cryptsetup luksFormat /dev/sdb1
|
||||
|
||||
WARNING!
|
||||
========
|
||||
This will overwrite data on /dev/sde1 irrevocably.
|
||||
This will overwrite data on /dev/sdb1 irrevocably.
|
||||
|
||||
Are you sure? (Type uppercase yes): YES
|
||||
Enter passphrase:
|
||||
@ -676,27 +743,24 @@ Verify passphrase:
|
||||
Mount the partition:
|
||||
|
||||
```console
|
||||
$ sudo cryptsetup luksOpen /dev/sde1 usb
|
||||
Enter passphrase for /dev/sde1:
|
||||
$ sudo cryptsetup luksOpen /dev/sdb1 usb
|
||||
Enter passphrase for /dev/sdb1:
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Create a filesystem:
|
||||
|
||||
```console
|
||||
$ sudo mkfs.ext4 /dev/mapper/usb -L usb
|
||||
mke2fs 1.43.4 (31-Jan-2017)
|
||||
Creating filesystem with 7871744 4k blocks and 1970416 inodes
|
||||
$ sudo mkfs.ext2 /dev/mapper/usb -L usb
|
||||
Creating filesystem with 10240 1k blocks and 2560 inodes
|
||||
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
|
||||
32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736, 1605632, 2654208,
|
||||
4096000
|
||||
8193
|
||||
|
||||
Allocating group tables: done
|
||||
Writing inode tables: done
|
||||
Creating journal (32768 blocks): done
|
||||
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Mount the filesystem and copy the temporary GNUPG directory:
|
||||
Mount the filesystem and copy the temporary directory with the keyring:
|
||||
|
||||
```console
|
||||
$ sudo mkdir /mnt/encrypted-usb
|
||||
@ -708,14 +772,75 @@ $ sudo cp -avi $GNUPGHOME /mnt/encrypted-usb
|
||||
|
||||
Keep the backup mounted if you plan on setting up two or more keys as `keytocard` **will [delete](https://lists.gnupg.org/pipermail/gnupg-users/2016-July/056353.html) the local copy** on save.
|
||||
|
||||
Otherwise, unmount and disconnected the encrypted USB disk:
|
||||
Otherwise, unmount and disconnected the encrypted volume:
|
||||
|
||||
```console
|
||||
$ sudo umount /mnt
|
||||
$ sudo umount /mnt/encrypted-usb
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo cryptsetup luksClose usb
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Create another partition to store the public key, or skip this step if you plan on uploading it to a key server.
|
||||
|
||||
**Important** Without the *public* key, you will not be able to use GPG to encrypt, decrypt, nor sign messages. However, you will still be able to use YubiKey for SSH authentication.
|
||||
|
||||
```console
|
||||
$ sudo fdisk /dev/sdb
|
||||
|
||||
Command (m for help): n
|
||||
Partition type
|
||||
p primary (1 primary, 0 extended, 3 free)
|
||||
e extended (container for logical partitions)
|
||||
Select (default p):
|
||||
Partition number (2-4, default 2):
|
||||
First sector (22528-31116287, default 22528):
|
||||
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G,T,P} (22528-31116287, default 31116287): +10M
|
||||
|
||||
Created a new partition 2 of type 'Linux' and of size 10 MiB.
|
||||
|
||||
Command (m for help): w
|
||||
The partition table has been altered.
|
||||
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
|
||||
Syncing disks.
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo mkfs.ext2 /dev/sdb2
|
||||
Creating filesystem with 10240 1k blocks and 2560 inodes
|
||||
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
|
||||
8193
|
||||
|
||||
Allocating group tables: done
|
||||
Writing inode tables: done
|
||||
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo mkdir /mnt/public
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo mount /dev/sdb2 /mnt/public/
|
||||
|
||||
$ gpg --armor --export $KEYID | sudo tee /mnt/public/$KEYID.txt
|
||||
-----BEGIN PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK-----
|
||||
[...]
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
**Windows**
|
||||
|
||||
```console
|
||||
$ gpg --armor --export $KEYID -o \path\to\dir\pubkey.gpg
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
**Optional** Upload the public key to a [public keyserver](https://debian-administration.org/article/451/Submitting_your_GPG_key_to_a_keyserver):
|
||||
|
||||
```console
|
||||
$ gpg --send-key $KEYID
|
||||
|
||||
$ gpg --keyserver pgp.mit.edu --send-key $KEYID
|
||||
|
||||
$ gpg --keyserver keys.gnupg.net --send-key $KEYID
|
||||
|
||||
$ gpg --keyserver hkps://keyserver.ubuntu.com:443 --send-key $KEYID
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
After some time, the public key will to propagate to [other](https://pgp.key-server.io/pks/lookup?search=doc%40duh.to&fingerprint=on&op=vindex) [servers](https://pgp.mit.edu/pks/lookup?search=doc%40duh.to&op=index).
|
||||
|
||||
**OpenBSD**
|
||||
|
||||
Attach a USB disk and determine its label:
|
||||
@ -753,7 +878,7 @@ Re-type passphrase:
|
||||
softraid0: CRYPTO volume attached as sd3
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Make an `i` partition, then make and mount the filesystem:
|
||||
Create an `i` partition, then create and mount the filesystem:
|
||||
|
||||
```console
|
||||
$ doas fdisk -iy sd3
|
||||
@ -846,7 +971,7 @@ General key info..: [none]
|
||||
|
||||
## Change PIN
|
||||
|
||||
The default PIN is `123456` and default Admin PIN (PUK) is `12345678`. CCID-mode PINs can be up to 127 ASCII characters long.
|
||||
The default PIN is `123456` and default Admin PIN (PUK) is `12345678`. CCID-mode PINs can be up to 127 ASCII characters.
|
||||
|
||||
The Admin PIN is required for some card operations and to unblock a PIN that has been entered incorrectly more than three times. See the GnuPG documentation on [Managing PINs](https://www.gnupg.org/howtos/card-howto/en/ch03s02.html) for details.
|
||||
|
||||
@ -899,7 +1024,7 @@ Language preferences: en
|
||||
gpg/card> login
|
||||
Login data (account name): doc@duh.to
|
||||
|
||||
gpg/card> [Press Enter]
|
||||
gpg/card> list
|
||||
|
||||
Application ID ...: D2760001240102010006055532110000
|
||||
Version ..........: 2.1
|
||||
@ -1034,7 +1159,7 @@ gpg> save
|
||||
|
||||
# Verify card
|
||||
|
||||
Verify the subkeys have moved to YubiKey as indicated by `ssb>`:
|
||||
Verify the sub-keys have been moved to YubiKey as indicated by `ssb>`:
|
||||
|
||||
```console
|
||||
$ gpg --list-secret-keys
|
||||
@ -1048,42 +1173,14 @@ ssb> rsa4096/0x5912A795E90DD2CF 2017-10-09 [E] [expires: 2018-10-09]
|
||||
ssb> rsa4096/0x3F29127E79649A3D 2017-10-09 [A] [expires: 2018-10-09]
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
# Export public key
|
||||
|
||||
Mount another USB disk to copy the *public* key, or save it somewhere where it can be easily accessed later.
|
||||
|
||||
**Important** Without importing the *public* key, you will not be able to use GPG to encrypt, decrypt, nor sign messages. However, you will still be able to use YubiKey for SSH authentication.
|
||||
|
||||
```console
|
||||
$ gpg --armor --export $KEYID > /mnt/public-usb-key/pubkey.txt
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Windows:
|
||||
|
||||
```console
|
||||
$ gpg --armor --export $KEYID -o \path\to\dir\pubkey.gpg
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
**Optional** Upload the public key to a [public keyserver](https://debian-administration.org/article/451/Submitting_your_GPG_key_to_a_keyserver):
|
||||
|
||||
```console
|
||||
$ gpg --send-key $KEYID
|
||||
|
||||
$ gpg --keyserver pgp.mit.edu --send-key $KEYID
|
||||
|
||||
$ gpg --keyserver keys.gnupg.net --send-key $KEYID
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
After some time, the public key will to propagate to [other](https://pgp.key-server.io/pks/lookup?search=doc%40duh.to&fingerprint=on&op=vindex) [servers](https://pgp.mit.edu/pks/lookup?search=doc%40duh.to&op=index).
|
||||
|
||||
# Cleanup
|
||||
|
||||
Ensure you have:
|
||||
|
||||
* Saved the Encryption, Signing and Authentication subkeys to YubiKey.
|
||||
* Saved the encryption, signing and authentication sub-keys to YubiKey.
|
||||
* Saved the YubiKey PINs which you changed from defaults.
|
||||
* Saved the password to the Master key.
|
||||
* Saved a copy of the Master key, subkeys and revocation certificates on an encrypted volume stored offline.
|
||||
* Saved the password to the master key.
|
||||
* Saved a copy of the master key, sub-keys and revocation certificates on an encrypted volume, to be stored offline.
|
||||
* Saved the password to that encrypted volume in a separate location.
|
||||
* Saved a copy of the public key somewhere easily accessible later.
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1105,27 +1202,23 @@ Install required programs:
|
||||
|
||||
```console
|
||||
$ sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install -y \
|
||||
curl gnupg2 gnupg-agent \
|
||||
cryptsetup scdaemon pcscd
|
||||
gnupg2 gnupg-agent scdaemon pcscd
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Download [drduh/config/gpg.conf](https://github.com/drduh/config/blob/master/gpg.conf):
|
||||
|
||||
```console
|
||||
$ mkdir ~/.gnupg ; curl -o ~/.gnupg/gpg.conf https://raw.githubusercontent.com/drduh/config/master/gpg.conf
|
||||
$ cd ~/.gnupg ; wget https://raw.githubusercontent.com/drduh/config/master/gpg.conf
|
||||
|
||||
$ chmod 600 ~/.gnupg/gpg.conf
|
||||
$ chmod 600 gpg.conf
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
# Import public key
|
||||
|
||||
To import the public key from a file on an encrypted USB disk:
|
||||
To import the public key from the non-encrypted volume created earlier:
|
||||
|
||||
```console
|
||||
$ sudo cryptsetup luksOpen /dev/sdd1 usb
|
||||
Enter passphrase for /dev/sdd1:
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo mount /dev/mapper/usb /mnt
|
||||
$ sudo mount /dev/sdb2 /mnt
|
||||
|
||||
$ gpg --import /mnt/pubkey.txt
|
||||
gpg: key 0xFF3E7D88647EBCDB: public key "Dr Duh <doc@duh.to>" imported
|
||||
@ -1152,12 +1245,12 @@ $ sudo apt-get install -y gnupg-curl
|
||||
|
||||
## Trust master key
|
||||
|
||||
Edit the Master key to assign it ultimate trust by selecting `trust` then option `5`:
|
||||
Edit the master key to assign it ultimate trust by selecting `trust` then option `5`:
|
||||
|
||||
```console
|
||||
$ gpg --edit-key $KEYID
|
||||
$ export KEYID=0xFF3E7D88647EBCDB
|
||||
|
||||
Secret key is available.
|
||||
$ gpg --edit-key $KEYID
|
||||
|
||||
gpg> trust
|
||||
pub 4096R/0xFF3E7D88647EBCDB created: 2016-05-24 expires: never usage: C
|
||||
@ -1187,12 +1280,12 @@ sub 4096R/0x5912A795E90DD2CF created: 2017-10-09 expires: 2018-10-09 usage:
|
||||
sub 4096R/0x3F29127E79649A3D created: 2017-10-09 expires: 2018-10-09 usage: A
|
||||
[ unknown] (1). Dr Duh <doc@duh.to>
|
||||
|
||||
gpg> save
|
||||
gpg> quit
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
# Insert YubiKey
|
||||
|
||||
Re-connect YubiKey and check the status:
|
||||
Remove and re-insert the YubiKey and check the status:
|
||||
|
||||
```console
|
||||
$ gpg --card-status
|
||||
@ -1230,122 +1323,38 @@ ssb> 4096R/0x3F29127E79649A3D created: 2017-10-09 expires: 2018-10-09
|
||||
|
||||
**Note** If you see `General key info..: [none]` in the output instead - go back and import the public key using the previous step.
|
||||
|
||||
# Encryption
|
||||
Encrypt a message to your own key (useful for storing passwords and other credentials):
|
||||
|
||||
```console
|
||||
$ echo "test message string" | gpg --encrypt --armor --recipient $KEYID
|
||||
-----BEGIN PGP MESSAGE-----
|
||||
|
||||
hQIMA1kSp5XpDdLPAQ/+JyYfLaUS/+llEzQaKDb5mWhG4HlUgD99dNJUXakm085h
|
||||
PSSt3I8Ac0ctwyMnenZvBEbHMqdRnfZJsj5pHidKcAZrhgs+he+B1tdZ/KPa8inx
|
||||
NIGqd8W1OraVSFmPEdC1kQ5he6R/WCDH1NNel9+fvLtQDCBQaFae/s3yXCSSQU6q
|
||||
HKCJLyHK8K9hDvgFmXOY8j1qTknBvDbmYdcCKVE1ejgpUCi3WatusobpWozsp0+b
|
||||
6DN8bXyfxLPYm1PTLfW7v4kwddktB8eVioV8A45lndJZvliSqDwxhrwyE5VGsArS
|
||||
NmqzBkCaOHQFr0ofL91xgwpCI5kM2ukIR5SxUO4hvzlHn58QVL9GfAyCHMFtJs3o
|
||||
Q9eiR0joo9TjTwR8XomVhRJShrrcPeGgu3YmIak4u7OndyBFpu2E79RQ0ehpl2gY
|
||||
tSECB6mNd/gt0Wy3y15ccaFI4CVP6jrMN6q3YhXqNC7GgI/OWkVZIAgUFYnbmIQe
|
||||
tQ3z3wlbvFFngeFy5IlhsPduK8T9XgPnOtgQxHaepKz0h3m2lJegmp4YZ4CbS9h6
|
||||
kcBTUjys5Vin1SLuqL4PhErzmlAZgVzG2PANsnHYPe2hwN4NlFtOND1wgBCtBFBs
|
||||
1pqz1I0O+jmyId+jVlAK076c2AwdkVbokKUcIT/OcTc0nwHjOUttJGmkUHlbt/nS
|
||||
iAFNniSfzf6fwAFHgsvWiRJMa3keolPiqoUdh0tBIiI1zxOMaiTL7C9BFdpnvzYw
|
||||
Krj0pDc7AlF4spWhm58WgAW20P8PGcVQcN6mSTG8jKbXVSP3bvgPXkpGAOLKMV/i
|
||||
pLORcRPbauusBqovgaBWU/i3pMYrbhZ+LQbVEaJlvblWu6xe8HhS/jo=
|
||||
=pzkv
|
||||
-----END PGP MESSAGE-----
|
||||
$ echo "test message string" | gpg --encrypt --armor --recipient $KEYID -o encrypted.txt
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
To encrypt to multiple recipients (or to multiple keys):
|
||||
|
||||
```console
|
||||
$ echo "test message string" | gpg --encrypt --armor --recipient $KEYID_0 --recipient $KEYID_1 --recipient $KEYID_2
|
||||
-----BEGIN PGP MESSAGE-----
|
||||
[...]
|
||||
$ echo "test message string" | gpg --encrypt --armor --recipient $KEYID_0 --recipient $KEYID_1 --recipient $KEYID_2 -o encrypted.txt
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
# Decryption
|
||||
Decrypt the message:
|
||||
|
||||
```console
|
||||
$ gpg --decrypt --armor
|
||||
-----BEGIN PGP MESSAGE-----
|
||||
|
||||
hQIMA1kSp5XpDdLPAQ/+JyYfLaUS/+llEzQaKDb5mWhG4HlUgD99dNJUXakm085h
|
||||
PSSt3I8Ac0ctwyMnenZvBEbHMqdRnfZJsj5pHidKcAZrhgs+he+B1tdZ/KPa8inx
|
||||
NIGqd8W1OraVSFmPEdC1kQ5he6R/WCDH1NNel9+fvLtQDCBQaFae/s3yXCSSQU6q
|
||||
HKCJLyHK8K9hDvgFmXOY8j1qTknBvDbmYdcCKVE1ejgpUCi3WatusobpWozsp0+b
|
||||
6DN8bXyfxLPYm1PTLfW7v4kwddktB8eVioV8A45lndJZvliSqDwxhrwyE5VGsArS
|
||||
NmqzBkCaOHQFr0ofL91xgwpCI5kM2ukIR5SxUO4hvzlHn58QVL9GfAyCHMFtJs3o
|
||||
Q9eiR0joo9TjTwR8XomVhRJShrrcPeGgu3YmIak4u7OndyBFpu2E79RQ0ehpl2gY
|
||||
tSECB6mNd/gt0Wy3y15ccaFI4CVP6jrMN6q3YhXqNC7GgI/OWkVZIAgUFYnbmIQe
|
||||
tQ3z3wlbvFFngeFy5IlhsPduK8T9XgPnOtgQxHaepKz0h3m2lJegmp4YZ4CbS9h6
|
||||
kcBTUjys5Vin1SLuqL4PhErzmlAZgVzG2PANsnHYPe2hwN4NlFtOND1wgBCtBFBs
|
||||
1pqz1I0O+jmyId+jVlAK076c2AwdkVbokKUcIT/OcTc0nwHjOUttJGmkUHlbt/nS
|
||||
iAFNniSfzf6fwAFHgsvWiRJMa3keolPiqoUdh0tBIiI1zxOMaiTL7C9BFdpnvzYw
|
||||
Krj0pDc7AlF4spWhm58WgAW20P8PGcVQcN6mSTG8jKbXVSP3bvgPXkpGAOLKMV/i
|
||||
pLORcRPbauusBqovgaBWU/i3pMYrbhZ+LQbVEaJlvblWu6xe8HhS/jo=
|
||||
=pzkv
|
||||
-----END PGP MESSAGE-----
|
||||
gpg: encrypted with 4096-bit RSA key, ID 0x5912A795E90DD2CF, created
|
||||
2016-05-24
|
||||
"Dr Duh <doc@duh.to>"
|
||||
|
||||
[Press Control-D]
|
||||
|
||||
$ gpg --decrypt --armor cipher.txt
|
||||
gpg: anonymous recipient; trying secret key 0x0000000000000000 ...
|
||||
gpg: okay, we are the anonymous recipient.
|
||||
gpg: encrypted with RSA key, ID 0x0000000000000000
|
||||
test message string
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
# Signing
|
||||
Sign a message:
|
||||
|
||||
```console
|
||||
$ echo "test message string" | gpg --armor --clearsign --default-key 0xBECFA3C1AE191D15
|
||||
-----BEGIN PGP SIGNED MESSAGE-----
|
||||
Hash: SHA512
|
||||
|
||||
test message string
|
||||
-----BEGIN PGP SIGNATURE-----
|
||||
|
||||
iQIcBAEBCgAGBQJXRPo8AAoJEL7Po8GuGR0Vh8wP/jYXTR8SAZIZSMVCOyAjH37f
|
||||
k6JxB0rF928WDYPihjo/d0Jd+XpoV1g+oipDRjP78xqR9H/CJZlE10IPQbNaomFs
|
||||
+3RGxA3Zr085cVFoixI8rxYOSu0Vs2cAzAbJHNcOcD7vXxTHcX4T8kfKoF9A4U1u
|
||||
XTJ42eEjpO0fX76tFX2/Uzxl43ES0dO7Y82ho7xcnaYwakVUEcWfUpfDAroLKZOs
|
||||
wCZGr8Z64QDQzxQ9L45Zc61wMx9JEIWD4BnagllfeOYrEwTJfYG8uhDDNYx0jjJp
|
||||
j1PBHn5d556aX6DHUH05kq3wszvQ4W40RctLgAA3l1VnEKebhBKjLZA/EePAvQV4
|
||||
QM7MFUV1X/pi2zlyoZSnHkVl8b5Q7RU5ZtRpq9fdkDDepeiUo5PNBUMJER1gn4bm
|
||||
ri8DtavkwTNWBRLnVR2gHBmVQNN7ZDOkHcfyqR4I9chx6TMpfcxk0zATAHh8Donp
|
||||
FVPKySifuXpunn+0MwdZl5XkhHGdpdYQz4/LAZUGhrA9JTnFtc4cl4JrTzufF8Sr
|
||||
c3JJumMsyGvw9OQKQHF8gHme4PBu/4P31LpfX9wzPOTpJaI31Sg5kdJLTo9M9Ppo
|
||||
uvkmJS7ETjLQZOsRyAEn7gcEKZQGPQcNAgfEgQPoepS/KvvI68u+JMJm4n24k2kQ
|
||||
fEkp501u8kAZkWauhiL+
|
||||
=+ylJ
|
||||
-----END PGP SIGNATURE-----
|
||||
$ echo "test message string" | gpg --armor --clearsign > signed.txt
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
# Verifying signature
|
||||
Verify the signature:
|
||||
|
||||
```console
|
||||
$ gpg
|
||||
gpg: Go ahead and type your message ...
|
||||
-----BEGIN PGP SIGNED MESSAGE-----
|
||||
Hash: SHA512
|
||||
|
||||
test message string
|
||||
-----BEGIN PGP SIGNATURE-----
|
||||
|
||||
iQIcBAEBCgAGBQJXRPo8AAoJEL7Po8GuGR0Vh8wP/jYXTR8SAZIZSMVCOyAjH37f
|
||||
+3RGxA3Zr085cVFoixI8rxYOSu0Vs2cAzAbJHNcOcD7vXxTHcX4T8kfKoF9A4U1u
|
||||
XTJ42eEjpO0fX76tFX2/Uzxl43ES0dO7Y82ho7xcnaYwakVUEcWfUpfDAroLKZOs
|
||||
wCZGr8Z64QDQzxQ9L45Zc61wMx9JEIWD4BnagllfeOYrEwTJfYG8uhDDNYx0jjJp
|
||||
j1PBHn5d556aX6DHUH05kq3wszvQ4W40RctLgAA3l1VnEKebhBKjLZA/EePAvQV4
|
||||
QM7MFUV1X/pi2zlyoZSnHkVl8b5Q7RU5ZtRpq9fdkDDepeiUo5PNBUMJER1gn4bm
|
||||
ri8DtavkwTNWBRLnVR2gHBmVQNN7ZDOkHcfyqR4I9chx6TMpfcxk0zATAHh8Donp
|
||||
FVPKySifuXpunn+0MwdZl5XkhHGdpdYQz4/LAZUGhrA9JTnFtc4cl4JrTzufF8Sr
|
||||
c3JJumMsyGvw9OQKQHF8gHme4PBu/4P31LpfX9wzPOTpJaI31Sg5kdJLTo9M9Ppo
|
||||
uvkmJS7ETjLQZOsRyAEn7gcEKZQGPQcNAgfEgQPoepS/KvvI68u+JMJm4n24k2kQ
|
||||
fEkp501u8kAZkWauhiL+
|
||||
=+ylJ
|
||||
-----END PGP SIGNATURE-----
|
||||
|
||||
[Press Control-D]
|
||||
|
||||
$ gpg --verify signed.txt
|
||||
gpg: Signature made Wed 25 May 2016 00:00:00 AM UTC
|
||||
gpg: using RSA key 0xBECFA3C1AE191D15
|
||||
gpg: Good signature from "Dr Duh <doc@duh.to>" [ultimate]
|
||||
@ -1718,7 +1727,7 @@ And reload the SSH daemon (e.g., `sudo service sshd reload`).
|
||||
# Notes
|
||||
|
||||
1. YubiKey has two configurations: one invoked with a short press, and the other with a long press. By default, the short-press mode is configured for HID OTP - a brief touch will emit an OTP string starting with `cccccccc`. If you rarely use the OTP mode, you can swap it to the second configuration via the YubiKey Personalization tool. If you *never* use OTP, you can disable it entirely using the [YubiKey Manager](https://developers.yubico.com/yubikey-manager) application (note, this not the similarly named YubiKey NEO Manager).
|
||||
1. Programming YubiKey for GPG keys still lets you use its two configurations - [OTP](https://www.yubico.com/faq/what-is-a-one-time-password-otp/) and [static password](https://www.yubico.com/products/services-software/personalization-tools/static-password/) modes, for example.
|
||||
1. Programming YubiKey for GPG keys still lets you use its other configurations - [U2F](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_2nd_Factor), [OTP](https://www.yubico.com/faq/what-is-a-one-time-password-otp/) and [static password](https://www.yubico.com/products/services-software/personalization-tools/static-password/) modes, for example.
|
||||
1. Setting an expiry essentially forces you to manage your subkeys and announces to the rest of the world that you are doing so. Setting an expiry on a primary key is ineffective for protecting the key from loss - whoever has the primary key can simply extend its expiry period. Revocation certificates are [better suited](https://security.stackexchange.com/questions/14718/does-openpgp-key-expiration-add-to-security/79386#79386) for this purpose. It may be appropriate for your use case to set expiry dates on subkeys.
|
||||
1. To switch between two or more identities on different keys - unplug the first key and restart gpg-agent, ssh-agent and pinentry with `pkill gpg-agent ; pkill ssh-agent ; pkill pinentry ; eval $(gpg-agent --daemon --enable-ssh-support)`, then plug in the other key and run `gpg-connect-agent updatestartuptty /bye` - then it should be ready for use.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Loading…
Reference in New Issue
Block a user