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@ -4,8 +4,6 @@ An authentication key can also be created for SSH and used with [gpg-agent](http
Keys stored on a smartcard like YubiKey are non-exportable (as opposed to keys that are stored on disk) and are convenient for everyday use. Instead of having to remember and enter passphrases to unlock SSH/GPG keys, YubiKey needs only a physical touch after being unlocked with a PIN code - and all signing and encryption operations happen on the card, rather than in OS memory.
These instructions are current to Debian 9 using YubiKey 4 - with support for **4096 bit** RSA keys - in OTP+CCID mode, using GPG version 2.2. Note, older YubiKeys like the Neo are [limited](https://www.yubico.com/products/yubikey-hardware/compare-yubikeys/) to **2048 bit** RSA keys. Debian live install images are available from [here](https://www.debian.org/CD/live/) and are suitable for writing to USB drives.
Programming YubiKey for GPG keys still lets you use its two slots - [OTP](https://www.yubico.com/faq/what-is-a-one-time-password-otp/) and [static password](https://www.yubico.com/products/services-software/personalization-tools/static-password/) modes, for example.
**New!** [Purse](https://github.com/drduh/Purse) is a password manager which can integrate with GPG on YubiKey.
@ -67,7 +65,7 @@ If you have a comment or suggestion, please open an [issue](https://github.com/d
4.8 [OpenBSD](#48-openbsd)
5. [Troubleshooting](#5-troubleshooting)
5.1 [Yubikey OTP Mode and cccccccc....](#51-yubikey-otp-mode-and-cccccccc)
6. [References](#6-references)
6. [References and other work](#6-references-and-other-work)
# 1. Purchase YubiKey
@ -77,11 +75,16 @@ Consider purchasing a pair (or more) and programming both in case of loss or dam
# 2. Install required software
These instructions are current to Debian 9 using YubiKey 4 - with support for **4096 bit** RSA keys - in OTP+CCID mode, using GPG version 2.2. Note, older YubiKeys like the Neo are [limited](https://www.yubico.com/products/yubikey-hardware/compare-yubikeys/) to **2048 bit** RSA keys.
For improved security, use a live GNU/Linux distribution like [Tails](https://tails.boum.org/index.en.html) or [Debian Live](https://www.debian.org/CD/live/) - with no connection to outgoing Internet.
## 2.1 Install - Linux
You will need to install the following software:
$ sudo apt-get install -y gnupg2 gnupg-agent pinentry-curses scdaemon pcscd yubikey-personalization libusb-1.0-0-dev
$ sudo apt-get install -y \
gnupg2 gnupg-agent pinentry-curses scdaemon pcscd yubikey-personalization libusb-1.0-0-dev
You may also need to download and install more recent versions of [yubikey-personalization](https://developers.yubico.com/yubikey-personalization/Releases/) and [yubico-c](https://developers.yubico.com/yubico-c/Releases/):
@ -376,7 +379,6 @@ Next, create an [encryption key](https://www.cs.cornell.edu/courses/cs5430/2015s
created: 2017-10-09 expires: never usage: E
[ultimate] (1). Dr Duh <doc@duh.to>
### 3.5c Authentication key
Finally, create an [authentication key](https://superuser.com/questions/390265/what-is-a-gpg-with-authenticate-capability-used-for).
@ -509,8 +511,7 @@ $ gpg --armor --export-secret-subkeys $KEYID > $GNUPGHOME/sub.key
The exported (primary) key will still have the passphrase in place.
In addition to the backup below, you might want to keep a separate copy of the
revocation certificate in a safe place:
`$GNUPGHOME/openpgp-revocs.d/<key fingerprint>.rev`
revocation certificate in a safe place - `$GNUPGHOME/openpgp-revocs.d/<key fingerprint>.rev`
### 3.7b Windows
@ -529,11 +530,11 @@ In addition to the back up detailed in the next step, you should note the locati
### 3.8a Linux/macOS
Once keys are moved to hardware, they cannot be extracted again (otherwise, what would be the point?), so make sure you have made an *encrypted* backup before proceeding.
Once keys are moved to hardware, they cannot be extracted again, so make sure you have made an **encrypted** backup before proceeding.
Also consider using a [paper copy](http://www.jabberwocky.com/software/paperkey/) of the keys as an additional backup measure.
To create an encrypted USB drive, first attach it and check its label:
To format and encrypt a USB drive on Linux, first attach it and check its label:
$ dmesg | tail
[ 7667.607011] scsi8 : usb-storage 2-1:1.0
@ -552,7 +553,6 @@ Check the size to make sure it's the right drive:
Disk /dev/sde: 30 GiB, 32245809152 bytes, 62980096 sectors
/dev/sde1 2048 62980095 62978048 30G 6 FAT16
Erase and create a new partition table:
$ sudo fdisk /dev/sde
@ -628,7 +628,7 @@ Mount the filesystem:
$ sudo mkdir /mnt/usb
$ sudo mount /dev/mapper/encrypted-usb /mnt/usb
Finally, copy files to it:
Copy files to it:
$ sudo cp -avi $GNUPGHOME /mnt/usb
‘/tmp/tmp.aaiTTovYgo’ -> ‘/mnt/usb/tmp.aaiTTovYgo’
@ -643,14 +643,16 @@ Finally, copy files to it:
‘/tmp/tmp.aaiTTovYgo/pubring.gpg~’ -> ‘/mnt/usb/tmp.aaiTTovYgo/pubring.gpg~’
‘/tmp/tmp.aaiTTovYgo/pubring.gpg’ -> ‘/mnt/usb/tmp.aaiTTovYgo/pubring.gpg’
Keep the backup mounted if you plan on setting up two or more keys (as `keytocard` will [delete](https://lists.gnupg.org/pipermail/gnupg-users/2016-July/056353.html) the local copy on save), otherwise unmount and disconnected the encrypted USB drive:
Keep the backup mounted if you plan on setting up two or more keys (as `keytocard` will [delete](https://lists.gnupg.org/pipermail/gnupg-users/2016-July/056353.html) the local copy on save).
Otherwise unmount and disconnected the encrypted USB drive:
$ sudo umount /mnt/usb
$ sudo cryptsetup luksClose encrypted-usb
### 3.8b Windows
I recommend creating an encrypted flash drive or container using [VeraCrypt](https://www.veracrypt.fr/en/Downloads.html). Store your encrypted container on multiple flash drives/hard drives. You should also consider making a [paper copy](http://www.jabberwocky.com/software/paperkey/) of your keys.
An encrypted flash drive or container can be made using [VeraCrypt](https://www.veracrypt.fr/en/Downloads.html).
## 3.9 Configure YubiKey